Religion of India
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Saivism
- Non-Aryan Shiv identified with vedic GodMaruta.
- The Svetasvatara Upanis-had extolled Rudra.
(A) Pasupatas
- Pasupatas doctrine has amended and organised by Lakulisa or Nakulisa, Lakulin, or Naku-lin, was in dualistic character.
- Lakulisa has been regarded as the founder of Pasupatas sect
- In records, the erection of two images called Kapil-esvara and Upamitesvara, by one Uditacarya, the Mahesvara (Pasupata) teacher, the latter is described in the record as 10th in the apostolic succession from Kusika.
- The Kusika was no other than the first of the four immediate disciples of Lakulisa (Kusika, Mitra, Garga, Kaurushya) .
- A Bronze seal of 1st century BC unearthed by Marshall on the Sirkap site of ancient Taxila contains the figure of Siva and Brahmi and Kharosthi legends (Sivarak-shitasa) .
- Nataraja has invented 108 dances.
- Kapalikas and Kalam-ukhas part of this sect, already existing in the Gupta period. SRISHATL was the main centre of Kapalikas informed by Bhavabhuti.
- The Shiva Purana informs Kalamukhas are known as Mahavratadhar.
- Ahannuru, in Sangam literature, describes Siva as Lord who wears Konrai.
- Lakulisa has been regarded as the founder of Pasupatas sect, the 28th Angamas and the last incarnation of Shiva.
- In the vayu Purana, Mahesvara is represented to have declared to Brahma that in the 28th Mahayuga, when Vishnu would be born as Vasudeva, he would incarnate as a brahmacharin, by name Nakulin, after entering a dead body in the burial ground of Kayarohana, a land of siddhas, and that he would have pupils - Kusika, Gargya, Mitraka, and Rushta- who, duly initiated Mahesvar-ayoga, would reach Rudr-aloka whence there is no return.
- According to Linga Purana, the pupils are called Kusika, Garga, Mitra, and Kaurushyas.
- Lakulisa is considered to be author of Pancharthavidya.
- The Mathura Inscription of the reign of Chandra Gupta II proves that Lakulin flouished in the 1st quarter of the second century AD.
- The Pasupatas believe that Mahesvara has taught five categories for the sake of releasing the Jiva from its bonds:
- Karya or effect, that which is not independent
- Karana or cause, that which is independent
- Yoga or path
- Vidhi or rule
- Duhkhanta or the end of misery: it has two categories:
- Anatmaka, which is of the nature of the absolute elimination of misery;
- Satmaka, which is of the nature of thee lordship consisting in the possession of powers of seeing and acting It has a five-fold division -
- Darsana, which is knowledge, visual, tactile, etc, of objects which are subtle, concealed or distant,
- Sravana: which is supernormal hearing of all objects of sound
- Manana: This is supernormal knowing of all objects of thought.
- Vijnana: This is supernormal knowledge of all sciences with their treatises and what are taught in them.
- Sarvajnatva: This is supernormal knowledge of principles of Knowledge. The power of Acting is said to be threefold:
- Manojavitva: the power of doing anything instantly
- Kamarupitva: the power of assuming a variety of shapes and forms.
- Vikranadharmitva: possession of supreme power.
- According to Haribhadra՚s Shaddarsanasamuchchaya, Gautama and Knanda were Saiva.
- In records, the erection of two images called Kapil-esvara and Upamitesvara, by one Uditacarya, the Mahesvara (Pasupata) teacher, the latter is described in the record as 10th in the Apostlic succession from Kusika.
- The Kusika was no other than the first of the four immediate disciples of Lakulisa (Kusika, Mitra, Garga, Kaurushya) .
- A Bronze seal of 1st century BC unearthed by Marshall on thee Sirkap site of ancient Taxila contains the figure of Siva and Brahmi and Kharosthi legends (Sivarak shi-tasa) .
- Nataraja has invented 108 dances.
- Kapalikas and Kalamukhas part of this sect, already existing in the Gupta period.
- SRISHAIL was the main centre of Kapalikas as informed by Bhavabhuti.
- The Shiva Purana informs Kalamukhas are known as Mahavratadhar.
- Ahannuru, in Sangam 1
(B) Mukhalingas
- Proper known from Gupta age onwards: they are usually Ekamukha or Chatur-mukha types:
- Rudra or Pujabhagas,
- The representation of four faces. :
- Sadyojata,
- Vamadeva,
- Aghora,
- Tatpu-rusha
(C) 63 Nayanars
- They revived Saivism through emotional songs called TEVARAM Sutras.
- Tirumalai, composed between 7th and 10th century has 11 sacred books and the most important book is Tevaram, it is called Dravida Veda.
Tirumurais: collected writing of Nyanars and Alvars.
- Tirunavukkarasu: called Appar, contemporary of Pallava Mahendravarman I, earlier he was a Jaina
- Jnanasambandha: 7th AD
- Nanasambandhar: 2nd AD
- Tirujnanasambandar
- Manikavasagara
- Sundramurti
(D) Lingavat Movement
- Founded by Basava, the Prime Minister of Kalchuri. Ousted Jainism from Mysore
- Developed Sata Sthala
- System of Philosophy, based on28SaivaAGAMAS
- Followers known as Vira Saivas or Lingayat. Vira Saiva philosophy is called Saktivisht-advaita:
- Patronised by Eastern Chalukyas, Eastern Gangas and Kakityas.
(E) Ardhya - Saiva Sect
- It was founded by Mallika-rjuna and Panditaradhya.
(f) Vacankaras:
- Founded by Sarvaja.
(g) Acaryas:
- Who interpreted the Prasthantraya the Upanis-hads, the Bhagavata Gita and Vedanta Sutra.
(h) Aagmantins:
- Agmantic terminology first appeared in the writings of the Manikvasagar.
- Aghora Shivacarya, Srikanta Sivaca-rya, Sundaramurtti, Tiru-mandiram.
Saivism in Kashmir
In Kashmir, Saivism is known as Trika, or Triad
- Pratyabhijana School founded by Vasugupta in 9th century AD, he has written a book called Shiva Sutra
- Spandashastra School founded by his pupils Kkallata and Somananda
- Tantashastra written by Abhinava Gupta, the prime theorist.
In Central India the Saiva Known as Mattamayurs and Other Exponents
- Meykander, Umapati, Siva-carya, Arunagirinatha, Tayum-anavar.
- Sripadaraja founder of Haridasa Movement.
- Purandeidasa: father of Karnataka Music System