Society and Economy Gupta
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Gupta:-Agriculture
- Varahmihira: mentions about rainfall
- Mathematics was called: Hindisat (the Indian Art) : by the Arab merchants
- Junagarh Rock Inscription of Skanda Gupta (455 - 58) : state care of agriculture.
- Amarkosa mentions about plough and sugarcane.
- Brihat-Samhita: refer to rice
- Raghuvamasa: Saffron
- Huien Tsang: Saffron produced at Udayana, Dareel, and Kashmir
- Kuluta - produced medicinal plants.
- Pariyatra (Bairat) Variety of rice
- Jatipattika (woven silk)
- Kshauma (Linen)
- Badara (cotton)
- Dukula (bark silk)
- Lalatantu (spider՚s silk)
- Amsuka (Muslim)
- Netra (Bark-silk)
- Pulkabandha (Gaily coloured)
- Pushpapatta (flowered silk)
- Chitrapata (figured textile)
- According to Santideva՚s Sikhsha- samuchchaya (7th A. D.) - Varanasi- best for silk garments.
- H. Tsang - Mathura- cotton
- At Kamrupa - Textile Industry
- According to H. Tsang:
- Copper Image of Buddha - attributed to Purnavarman
- Brass temple build by Harsha near Nalanda
- Copper statue of Buddha formed at Sultanagar (Bhagalpur) .
- H. Tsang - Charita was famous seaport Kongoda (modern Ganjam District)
- According to Raghuvamsa and Dasakumaracharita: Tamralipti was an important port.
Taxation
- Bhaga: King՚s customary share - l/ 6th
- Bhoga: Periodic supplies of fruits, etc.
- Kara: Periodic tax levied on the villagers
- Bah: Voluntary offerings Udianga: Police Tax, or Water Tax Uparika: Extra Tax Hiranya: Tax payable in Gold coins Vata Bhuta: Cess for the rites of winds (vata) and spirits Halivakara: Plough Tax Sulka: Merchant - Royal Tax Klpta and Upkta: Purchase and Sales Tax Udranga-Uparikara: Levied on the maintenance of the Police; on fish and other water products; and on the cultivators not having proprietary rights
- Mulla-kara or Turshka-danda: Impost levied by the central Government to deal with the menace of the maundering tribes
Measuring Rods
- Nivartana
- Pattikahala
- Kedara
- Bhumi
- Khandukavapa
- Pataka
- Gocharma
- Kharivapa
- Kulyavapa
- Mulyavapa
- Dronavapa
- Adhavapa
- Malikavapa
- Agrahara Land:
- Restricted to Brahamana,
- A village granted tax-free to Brahmins
- King had power to confiscate it; due to the behavior
- It underlined the privileged position of the Brahmans
- Kridasaila - artificial hillock
- Variyantra - water machine
Guilds
- According to Katyayana: Puga meant a group of merchants
- Naigma meant merchants guilds
- Srenis meant Guild headed by executive officers (Adhyakshas, or Jyesfhaka, or Mukhyas) , usually hereditary in character and not elective - assisted by committee of two or five called Samuhahitavadins: Advisors of the public good and Karachintaka: For Public business.
- According to Braspati: Guilds had power to punish.
- Jataka mentions 18 types of Srenis, and 18 commercial classes:
- Kumhrar,
- Patala,
- Svarnakar,
- Soopkar,
- Gandhanya (Gandhi) ,
- Kasvan,
- Malakar,
- Katchkar,
- Tamoli,
- Champaru,
- Anntapillak,
- Gaddi,
- Chhipp,
- Kankkar,
- Shibig,
- Guar,
- Milla,
- Machhuae
- Arthashastra՚s aone chapter Kantakasodhana is devoted to strict control of artisans and traders by the state.
- Nagar-sresthins or Srestin: acted as bankers and moneylenders.
- Srestlii-Kulika-Naigama: Federation or central guild of Bankers, craftsman and guilds
- Akshyanivi:
- a permanent endowment with a guild or banker,
- the guilds spent the profits or interest on the deposits according to the terms stated by the depositors,
- Sarathvaha: Guild caravan traders
- Viravalanjigar: The Company of Gentleman Merchant.
- Manigrama: Southern India Company
- Antapallas: frontiers
- Vallabhas: Officers
- Guilds of Prayag did not issue coins
- Taxila - administered by Guild on the eve of the Greek occupation
- Magadha was not an important centre of Guilds.
- Only distribution was not fixed by the Guilds.
- Mandasore Silk Weavers՚ donation is famous
- Kautilya - Sthitipatras-deed convention made by Srenis
- Clay seals have been discovered from Basarh (Ancient Vaisali) and Bhita (Allahabad)
- Sambhuya Samuthana -business in partnership
- According to Brishaspati and Katyayna: there were four grades of artisans:
- The Apprentice: Shiksha,
- The Advanced Student: Abhijna,
- The Expert: Kusala,
- The Teacher: Acharya
Important Towns
- Indo-Greeks
- Sakas
- Kushanas
- 1st AD
- Kapisa,
- Kapisa,
- Kapisa Vidisha,
- Taxila,
- Savira,
- Ujjaini,
- Pushkalavati,
- Pushkalavati,
- Gandhara,
- Prabhasa,
- Vidisha,
- Mathura Pushkalvati,
- Suparaka,
- Sakala, Sindhu,
- Sindhu Dasapura
Trade Routes
- Subsidiary routes: Exceept Vidisha
- Varanasi to Mathura
- Varanasi to Vaishali
- Saket to Saraswati
- Kapilvastu to Rajagriha
- Champa to Tamralipti
- Kausambi- branch to Brigukachha (Broach)
- Royal Road- Patliputra to Tamila connected by Maurya Except - Vidisha
- Branch take off - Kausambi
- During Guptas: Overland route to China added
- The pass of Khyber and the valley of Kabul - main land route between India and West Asia.
Medieval Towns
Town Founder
- Muzaffarnagar
- Muzaffar Khan-i-Khanan Muradabad Rustam Khan Deccani and named after Prince
- Murad Baksh Farrukhabad Muhammad Khan Bangash in the honour of Farrukhsiyar
- GhaziabadGhazi al Din ‘Imad-al-Mulk’ Najibabad Najib-al-Daulah Fyzabad Safdar Jung
- Rampur Faizullaha Khan Ekdil Saksena Kayastha, originally Sarai Rupa Yakdilabad
- Yakdil Khan Hyderabad Mohd. Quli Quitb Shah Charminar Ibrahim Quli
Emporium/Ports
- According to Periplus Maris Erythreeal or Periplus of the Erythrean Sea. Erythrean Sea is Red Sea, 60 A. D. Periplus = sailing chart
- Barabaricum Emporium (town known as Minnagara on the Indus delta)
- Tamralipti- Eastern Coast Greatest called Voyagers from China, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. Ganga was the same name-according to Periplus.
- Bharukachha and Barygaza- Oldest, West Asia, western India (modern Broach) greatest during Maurayas and post Maurayas
- Surparakha - Sopara- town Kalyan
- Muziris - Malabar Coast
- Kaveripattnam- Tamil coast, yavana ships- city overflowed with prosperity.
- Arikamedu - also known Padouke in Periplus- Roman factory for Muslin.
- Negapattnam: Nikam
- Nasalia or Masulipatnam - (According to Periplus)
Non-Agricultural Products
- Ardhakathanaka: written by Banarsi Dasa: mentions 36 Sudras caste of Jaunpur
- Nagara Sabha: compiled by Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan
- Cotton yarn: Braoch, Balasore, Karimnagar; EIC exported cotton yarn from
- Gujarat, Burhanpur and Bengal.
- Earliest reference available to Jute cloth is in the Alivardi Khan՚s reign
- Chambal Oil: Gujarat
- Tobacco introduced in 17th century by Portuguese during the reign of Akbar and Jahangir
- Iron -self-sufficient-Dutch exported iron products from Coromandel to Batavia
- Saltpetre - Patna-Nunia and Malangi-specialised caste
- Salt: Sambhar Lake
- Woodwork: Kashmir, Gujarat
- Boots: Lahore
- Leatherwork: Multan
- Perfumes: Patna
- Paper: Shahzalpur near Allahabad
Aurangs: Specialized Caste
- Srinagar: Swals and woollen
- Jaunpur: Woollen Carpets
- Kalpi: Sugar candy
- Alwar: Glass
- Kasimbazar: Dutch Silk Factory
- Burhanpur: Tobacco
- Bengal exported Sugar and Raw Silk, wax, lac
- Gujarat exported raw cotton
- Malabar sent Pepper
- Coromandel: Skins
Indian Imports
- Tin: Malaya
- Ivory: Eastern Africa
- Dyewoods: Persian Gulf
- Mocha: was called “The treasure Chest of the Mughal”
- Indigo: Sarkhej (Gujarat) and Bayana (Agra)
- Abdul Ghafar: Gujarat՚s greatest merchants and ship owner
- Rustam Manak: a merchant managed to secure Parsis to be exempted from the payment of Zaziya.
- Rezariya: Small peasants: Malles in Rajasthan and Kunbis in Maharashtra.
- Jihat, Sair, Furuat, Abwab: were the rural taxes.