18 & 19 Century Socio-Religious Movement (India) - Brahmo Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Prarthana Samaj, Manav Dharma Sabha, Arya Samaj, Theosophical Society, Allgarh School, Farralzzi, Wahabl Movement
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Brahmo Samaj
Rajarama Mohan Roy: (1772 - 1833)
- He published a book called Tohfat al - Muwabhiddin (A Gift of Deists) , in 1804 and criticised idolatry and polytheism.
- He worked as Diwan, under District Magistrate, Mr Digby, and served East India Company (EIC) for nine years and left the job in 1814.
- In 1814, or 1815 founded Atmiya Sabha (Friendly Association) .
- In 1818, published “A Conference Between an Advocate for and an Opponent Practice of Burning Widows Alive”
- In 1819, published “Samvad Kumudini” - an anti sati journal and defeated Subra-maniyam Sashtri in the debate.
- David Hare was his associate in education.
- In 1825, he founded Unitarian Mission and then Vedanta College.
- On 20th August, 1828, the first meeting of Brahmo Samaj was organised. Tarachanda Chakravarty was Secretary. Brahmo Samaj was earlier known as Unitarian Mission.
- Brahmo Samaj faded after his death in 1833.
Debendranath Tagore (1817 - 1905)
- In 1839, he founded “Tattava Bodhini Sabha” (Truth-teaching Association) .
- In 1840, Tattvabodhini School was founded;
- In 1843, published Tattavabodhini Patrika and decided to revive Brahmo Sabha.
- He joined Brahmo Sabha in 1842 and wrote Brahmo Covenant.
- In 1850, he released a volume of scriptures, the BraEma Dharma, for use in public and private worship.
Keshab Chandra Sen (1838 - 1884)
- He joined Brahmo Samaj in 1857.
- In 1860, Sen founded the Sangat Sabha (Believer՚s Associations) .
- In 1862, they organised inter-caste marriage
- On 15th november, 1866, Senorganised Brahmo Samai of India; those loyal to Tagore grouped themselves into the Adi (original) Brahmo Samaj.
- In 1864, after KCS visit to South, Veda Samaj was founded;
- The Adi Brahmo Samai opposed the Brahmo Marriage Act of 1872. the Act legalised Brahmo marriage.
- The Brahmo Samaj organised into SriTjurbar an apostolic body of fheeldgrs and teachers.
- In 1870, Sen left to England and met Queen Victoria.
- In 1871. Sridharalu Naidu changed the name of Veda Samaj to Brahmo Samaj in Southern India.
- He organised the Indian Reform Association with the intent of improving the life of the peasants and to reach them he published a journal, Sulabh Samachar
- In 1878, he married his daughter to the Maharaja of CoochVihar and violated the marriage act of 1872.
- On 15th May, 1878, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj was founded by Brahmos who re-jected Sen՚s leadership, mainly by Shiv Nam Sashtri and Anand Mohan Bose.
- In Jan, 1881, he founded Nava Vidhan (New Despensation) symbolised by a Red banner bearing the name of his Church plus the Hindu trident, the Christian Cross, and the Islamic Crescent.
- In 1884, a new code, the -Nava Samhita, replaced the
- existing Brahma Dharma.
- In 1891, it opened the Das Ashram, a welfare institutions for the untouchables, and the Brahmo Girls School of Calcutta.
- Sadharan Samaj allied with the movement of Viraslingam, a Telugu Reformer, in Andhra, and Pratap
- Chandra Majumdar deseminated Brahmoism in England, America in 1874 and
- 1884.
Ramakrishna Mission
Ramakrishna Pramah-Ansa (1834 - 86)
- Original name Gangadhar Chattopadhyaya: born in Hugh
- By 1872, Ramakrishna՚s wife Sarda Devi, joined him.
- The teachings of Ramakrishna were popularized by Kesab Sen after 1875 when the two met for the first time
- In 1882, one of the disciples Mahendranath Gupta began to record his teachers conversation.
Narendranath Alias Vivekanand (1863 - 1902)
- Joined Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, but in 1882, he met Ramakrishna Pramahansa.
- In 1892, he travelled down the western coast of India where at the suggestion of Raja of Khetri, he took the name of S wami Vivekanand.
- To attain World Parliament on Religions, Vivekanand left Bombay in 31 May, 1893 and arrived in Chicago
- on 11th September. Vivekanand did not return to India again until early 1897.
- On 5th May, 1897, founded Ramakrishna Mission: two H. Q: Belur (Ben-gal) and Mayavati (Almora) ; he became President and Swami Brahmananda became head of the monastery.
- He died at the age of 40.
- Parivarjjika: the days of wandering
- Important magazines: Udbodhan.
Prarthana Samaj
- Atmarama Pandurang (1823 - 98) founded Prarthana Samaj.
- Pratap Chander Majumdar published Subodh Patrika
- Important followers: R. G. Bhandarkar. Jyotiba Phule. M. GRanade.
- They popularised Pandh-arpur Saints;
- S. P Kelkar founded Brahmo Samai of Bombay because of the influence of Dayananda.
- In 1906. Vithal Ramaii Shinde, founded Depressed Classes Mission of India.
Manav Dharma Sabha
- Founded by Durgaram Manchharam, Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhad.
- Paramahansa Mandali: In 1849 organised by Dadoba
Arya Samaj
- Founded by Dayanand Saraswati: (1824 - 1883)
- He separated all Hindu scriptures into two categories: arsha and un-arsha
- Preached ‘purified hinduism’ , one that rejected
- Puranas
- Polytheism
- Idolatry
- the role of Brahman priests
- pilgrimages
- nearly all rituals
- the ban on the widow remarriage
- One of his new disciples: Raja Jai Kesan Das, suggest to record his saying, resulted in the publication of the first edition of Satyartha Prakash (The Light og Truth) .
- In 187.4, he traveled to Gujarat and Bombay; on 10th April, 1875, he founded Arya Samaj (Noble Society) ; called “Go Back to Vedas”
- Preached Suddhi Movement. .
- Written Vedabhasya in Hindi and Sanskrit
- Died on 30th October, in Ajmer
- Lahore Samaj was the main wing; and its Executive Committee was called Antarang Sabha.
- Lala Hansraja established a College and Sraddhanand started a Gurukul.
- In Jallundar, Sraddh-ananda founded Arya Kanya Pathasala.
- On March, 1902. The Gurukul Kangri opened in Hardwar.
Theosophical Society
- Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott founded the society on 17th November, 1875.
- In 1877, Blavatsky published Isis Unveiled.
- In 188871lavatsky published The Secret Doctrine
- Annie Besant (1847 - 1933) arrived in 1893, an Irish, joined Blavatsky and edited the magazine “Lucifer”
- In 1898, Besant founded the Central college at Benaras.
- In 1907, Colonel Olcott died and Annie Besant replaced him as President and shifted the headquarter to Adyar.
- In 1933, Besant died and George Arundale became President from 1933 to 1945 and then followed by first Indian President C. Jinarajadasa from 1945 to 1953.
Minor Sects and Reformer
- Tariqh i Muhammadiyah: Sayyid Ahmed Barelwi of Rai Bareilly, Titu Mir (1782 - 1831) was his son
- Taa yuni Movement (Bengal) : Maulana Karamat Ali
- Madrassah i Rahmiyah Shaikh Abdur Rahman (1644 - 1718) , succeeded by Abdul Aziz
- Barelwi Ulma: Ahmad Riza Khan
- Nirankari (Formless) : Baba Dayal Das (1783 - 1855) , he was succeeded by his son BabaDarbara Singh, his original name was Mul Rai (1814 - 1870) , then succeeded by Rattan Chand and then by Gurdit Singh from 1909 to 1947.
- Namdhari: Baba Ram Singh, Balak Singh was his Guru
- Niti Prakash Sabha: KanhyalalAlakhdari (1873) , Ludhiana
- Singh Sabha:
- In 1873, the first Sabha was held; founded by Khem Singh Bedi, Thakur Singh Sandhanwalia, Kanwar Vikrama Singh of Kapurtala, Giani Gian Singh
- Lahore Singh Sabha Prof. Gurumukh Singh and Bhai Ditt Singh
- Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha Dadabhai Naoroji
- Radhaswami Satasang: Tulsi Rama or Shiva Dayal Sahib, later known as Swamiji Maharaja, his disciple was Saliq Ram, later known as Huzur Maharaj, published Prem Patra, Prem Bani, Radha Swami Matha Prakash.
- Deva Samaj: Shiva Narayana Agnihotri (An Engineer) , later became Satyanand Agnihotri
- Vamchari Sampradaya: Ramasharan Pal, 1830
- Nigamagama Mandali: Swami Gyanananda, at Mathura in 1896
- Hari Gyan Mandir: Shraddha Ram at Phillaur
- Bharat Dharma Maha-mandal: Pandit Din Dayal Sharma, he had earlier founded Panchayat Taraqqi Humud, Published Magazine -Hariyana Mathur Akhbar, Kohinoor with Munshi Har Sukh Hai, he also founded Gan Varnashrama and Hitaishini Ganga Dharma Sabha
- Nadwah ul Ulama: Maulana Shibli Numani in 1894inLucknow
- Ahl-i-Haddith: Mohd. Syed Nazir and Hussain Wali Khan
- Ahl-i-Quran: Md. Abdullah Chakralvi
- Ahmadiya or Qadini: Mirza Gulam Ahmad (Gurudaspur, Punjab) , called himself Krsna and Massiah Published Raidd i Niyog in 1895
- Deoband School: Muhammad Qasim Nanotawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi founded it in 1867 in Saharanpur, it was a branch of Wahabi.
Allgarh School
- Founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817 - 98)
- Established two Madarsa: at Muradabad and Gazipur
- In 1870, published Tahzib ul Akhalaq and Asbad i Baghvat
- Third Madarsa was established in Aligarh, on 8th January, 1877 founded Mohammaden Anglo Oriental College, stone was laid by Lytton
- Theodore Beck was his associate and was first Principal and succeeded by Morrison. Beck founded Union Indian Patriotic Association, Aligarh, 1888
Farralzzi
- Founded by Haji Shariyatullah, born in Shamail in Eastern Bengal, Maulana Murad was Guru
- Declared India a land of Dar ul Hurb, it was a movement for the religious reforms.
- Died in 1840, succeeded by his Mohd. Mushin or Dadu Miyan (1819 - 1860)
- Headquarter: Bahadurpur and Barasat
Wahabl Movement
- Founded Syed Ahmad (1786 - 1831) of Bareilly, based on the principles of Abdul Wahab (1703 - 1787)
- In 1803, declared India as Dar ul Harb and pleaded to make it Dar ul Islam.
Pagal Panthi
- Mir-Nasir-Ali-and most important was Titu Mir or Titu Mian, lived in Chandpur, disciple of Syed Ahmad, met at Mecca,
- Important centre: Patna
Press
- In 1550, first Press was established by Portuguese.
- In 1780, James Augustus Hicky started the first newspaper weekly in India:
- This paper was very aggressive and attacked both Warren Hastings and Chief Justice (E. Impey) ; attacked the missionary.
- Six more papers were started in Calcutta in between 1780rl793. One of the journal՚s editor was deported by Sir John Shore. Three newspapers were: India Gazette - 1780, Calcutta Gazette - 1784, Hurkaru
- In 1785, in Madras, Madras Courrier weekly was started.
- In 1795: India Herald՚s editor was deported, because of writing against Prince of Wales;
- Madras Gazette was banned.
- In 1789, in Bombay first weekly was called Bombay Herald.
- In! 790, Bombay Courrier and in 1791, Bombay Gazette merged with Bombay Herald in 1792.
- In 1818, Digdarshan was started as the first Bengali weekly by Marshman from Srirampore.
- In 1818 (23 May) , Samachar Darpan (Bengali) was started by Marshman from Sri Rampore.
- In 1818 Bengal Jeti probably whose editor was Harachand Roy (Member of Atmiya Sabha) .
- On Dec. 4th, 1821, Samvad Kaumudi was started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
- On 5th March, 1822, Samachar Chandrika, (which was initially, weekly, but was latter made twice a week) was started.
- On Apr. , 1822, Ram Mohan published, a weekly, Mirat -ul-Akhbar, in Persian language.
- On 28th March, 1822 Jami-i-Jahanuma, a weekly, was started in Urdu and Persian language.
- Bangadoot⟋Bengal Herald (weekly) was published in four languages: English, Bengali, Persian and Hindi. Its editor was R. Montegomery Martin and patron was Rammohan Roy, Dwarkanath Tagore.
- In 1822, Bombay Samachar in Gujarati was published.
- In 1837, Syed-ul-Akbhar, a weekly in Urdu was published.
- In 1838, Dilli Akhbar, an Urdu weekly was published.
- In 1838, English paper Bombay Times⟋ Times of India (Latter) was developed by Bombay Courrier.
- In 1840, Hindu Patriot was started by Harishchandra Mukherjee.
- In 1851, Gujarati fortnightly Rust Goftar was started by Dadabhai Naoroji.
- In 1852, Akhbar -O-Saudagar, a Gujarati tri-weekly was started. Its editor was Dadabhai Kavasji.
- In 1898, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar started Somaprakash in Bengali
- In 1862, Indian Mirror was started.Initially its editor was Devendranath Tagore, followed by Keshavchandra Sen and Narendranath Sen.
- In 1861, Indian Field (English) , was started by Kishorichandra Mitra.
- In 1862, Bengali was started by Girishchandra Ghosh.
- In 1865, National Paper was started. Its editor was Navgopal Mitra.
- Hindu Patriot was started by Kishori Das Pal.
- On 28th September 1861, Bombay Times, Bombay Standard, Bombay Courrier and The Telegraph merged together to form Times of India. Its editor was Robert Knight.
- In 1875, The Friend of India, a journal was started by Robert Knight. It was established by Carey, Ward and Marshman in 1818.Initially, it was monthly but, was latter changed to weekly,
- In 1875, Statesman was started by Robert Knight (called Bayard of Indian Press) .In 1890, Statesman and Friend of India merged to become Statesman.
- In 1868, Madras Mail, the first evening newspaper was started.
- In 1865, Pioneer was started from Allahabad.
- In 1876, Military Gazette was published from Lahore.
- In 1881, on request of S. N. Banerjee, Sardar Dayal Singh started a paper, Tribune in Lahore.
- In 1858, Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan became the editor of the Bengali journal Somaprakash.
- In 1864, Bhudev Mukhopadhyay started a monthly Shiksha Darpan O
- Sambadasara.
- Jogendranath Vidyabhu-shan started a newspaper Arya Darshan (on Italian Unification) in Bengali.
- Hindu Hitaishini from Dhaka and Bharat Mihir from Mymen Singh was started.
- On 20th Feb. , 1868 -Amrit Bazar Patrika (formerly called Polomagura) . Its first editor was Shishir Kumar Ghosh (Father of Indian Revolutionary Terrorism) .
- In 1871, Patrika was published.
- On Jan. l, 1879, Bengali was revived by S. N. Banerjee.
- In 1881, Bangabhasi was published.
- In 1883, Sanjeevani was published.
- In 1870, Keshavachandra Sen started Sulabh Samachar.
- On 20th Sept. 1878, Hindu was started from Madras by G. Subramanium Ayyer as a weekly. Later, it was made tri-weekly in October 1883, when Kusturiangar became its editor.In 1889, it was made a daily.
- On 4th Jan. , 1881 Kesari (in Marathi) was started by Tilak and Agarkar
- On 2nd Jan. , 1881 Mahratta (in English) was started by Tilak and Kelkar.
- In Jan. 1900, G. A. Nateshan published Indian Review from Madras.
- After 1900, government՚s reaction became active.