Religion of India - Buddhism, Jainism, Vaishnavaism, Saivism
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Gautama Buddha 563 - 483 B. C
Caste: | Kshatriya |
---|---|
Real Name: | Siddhartha |
Born: | 563 BC, according to the Cantonese tradition and other Chinese tradition |
Father՚s Name: | Suddhadhana, Elected chief of Sakya Republic |
Place: | Kapilvastu ⟋ Lumbini ⟋ Rummindei |
Mother: | Mahamaya, Princess of Kosalan dynasty |
Step Mother: | Prajapati Gautami, she marked the beginning of the Nuns system in Buddhism. |
Wife: | Yasodhara, daughter of Sakyanoble: according to Buddhavamsa Bhadkhasa was the name of his wife; According to Jataka her name was Bimba; according to Lalitavistara her name was Gopa |
Cousin: | Devadutta, envious cousin of Buddha, who created Schism |
Teacher: | Asita was first Guru; ArdhaKalan, after renunciation, he taught Upanishad to him, Udraka Ramaputra was also teacher, met near Rajagriha |
Horse: | Kantaka |
Charioteer: | Channa |
Mara: | Devi who disturbed Guatam Buddha in his meditation |
Belattha: | The merchant to whom Buddha met on his way to Rajgir |
Mahabhiniskramana: | Great Going forth and became ascetic |
Ananthapindika: | A rich merchant who gave gifts to Gautama Buddha and his Sangha |
Jivaka Chintamani: | Royal Physician, who treated Gautama Buddha |
Renunciation: | Abandoned the world at the age of 29 due to four signs Death, Old Age, Disease, and Mendicament. |
Venuvana: | His health deteriorated |
Wandering: | 7 years, attained enlightenment at the age of 35 at Bodha Gaya at Niraniana River |
First Sermon: | Sarnath in Benaras, called Isipatna, called Dharmachakra- pravartana, the birth place of Buddhism |
Death: | Sukramaddhava, death caused by meal of pork Died during the dynasty of Mallas Died in 483 BC- at Kusinagar at Kasia, his death is called ‘Parinirvana’ . |
Buddhist Literature
- Vinaya Pitaka:
- Rules of the order or Buddha՚s disciplinary Code. It has following parts:
- Sutta Vibhanga;
- Khandaka;
- Parivara;
- Maha-Vibhanga;
- Bhikkuni - Vibhanga.
- Sutta Pitaka:
- Sermons on matter of doctrines and ethics, Buddha Teachings, it is the largest of the Tripitaka
- Digha Nikaya: Long sermons of the last days of the Gautama Buddha
- Majjhima Nikaya: The shorter sermons
- Samyuta Nikaya: Brief prouncement
- Anguttara Nikaya: Graduated 2000 brief statements
- Khuddaka Nikaya: miscellaneous prose ⟋ verse, it has 15 books:
- Khuddaka - patha,
- Dhammapada,
- Udana
- Itivuttaka,
- Suttanipata,
- Vimana Vattu,
- Peta-vattu,
- Thera-Gatha,
- Jataka,
- Niddesa,
- Patisambhida,
- Apadana,
- Buddhavamsa,
- Cariya-Pratika, and
- Theri-Ghata
- Abhidhamma Pitaka: On metaphysics and philosophy
- Dhamma Sangani,
- Vibhanga,
- Dhatu-Katha,
- Pugala - panmatti,
- Katha-vatu,
- Yamaka,
- Pattana
Biographies of Buddha
- Mahavastu of Lokattara-vadins: a subdivision of Mahasanghikas
- Lalitavistara of Sarvasta-vadin
- Buddhachaita composed by Asvaghosa
- Niddanakatha - the only biography in Pali
- Abhinishkramana - thee sutra of the DharmaGuptas
Buddhagosha՚s Commentaries
- Samanta Pasadika - a commentary on Vinaya Pitaka
- Sumangalavilasani - a commentary on Digh Nikaya
- Sarathapakasani - a commentary on Samyutta
- Namorathapurani - a commentary on Anguttara
- Papancasudani Dhamma-padakatha
Buddhist Sects: Madhyamika: 2nd Century a. D
- It if a philosophy on nihilism, believed in illusion
- Founded by Arya Nagarjuna or Nagarjuna
- It is a philosophy between realism of Sarvastivadin Sect and idealism of Yogasara.
- Sunyata, popularly known as Sunyavada-which means illusion
- He was contemporary of Gautamiputra Satakarni.
- He is called Einstein of India because he believed in the theory of relativity.
Philosophers of this School
- Aryadeva - 3rd century A. D
- Buddhapalita - 5th century A. D, belonged to Prasangika School
- Bhavaviveka - 5th century A. D, belonged to Svatantra School
- Chandrakirti - 6th century A. D
- Santideva - 7th A. D
- Kumarajiva - propagated Madhyamika in China
Yogacara School: Or Vijnanavadiu: 3rd Century a. D
- Believed in consciousness, an idealist
- Founded by Maitreynatha
- Recognises three degree of Knowledge:
- Parikalpika (illusory)
- Paratantra (Empirical)
- Parisnispana (Absolute)
Important Followers
- Maitreya: c3rd AD
- Asanga: c4th AD written Sutralankara
- Vasubhandu: c4th AD, written:
- Adhidharmakosha,
- Vijnaptimatrata siddhi - basic book of the system- gave the concept of Alayavijnana
- Shiramati: c5th AD
- Dinnaga: c5th AD, he is father of Medieval Nyaya, first Hinayanist of Vastiputriya Sect, written Pramana – samuccaya and Nyaya Pravesa
- Dharmapala: c7th AD, he wrote Netti
- Dharmakirti: c7th AD, according to Stcherbatsky, he was Kant, written:
- Prama Vinischaya,
- Nyaya Bindu,
- Samanantara Pariksa,
- Hetu Bindu,
- Vadanyaya
- Samantara Siddhi
- Santaraksita: c8th AD
- Kamalasila: c8th AD
- Asvagosha: a contemporary of Kushana Kanishka, and a Mahayanist, wrote Sariputraprakarana- the oldest drama in Sanskrit. He has written:
- Saundrananada,
- Buddhacarita, belonged to Vijnanvada, he is called Milton, Goetho, Kant, Voltaire
- Buddhadatta: Abhidhammavatara
- Chandragomin: Grammar
Phiosophers and Language
- Pali: Nagasena, who wrote Milinda Panho, a semi-canonical work Buddhadatta, Buddhagosha, Dhammapala,
Sanskrit
- Asvagosha,
- Nagarjuna,
- Buddhpalita,
- Bhavaviveka,
- Asanga,
- Vasubandhu,
- Dinnaga,
- Dharmakirti
Nine Pali Canoncial Literatures of Buddhism
- Sutta Nikaya: Sermon in prose form
- Geyya Nikaya: Prose and Verse
- Veyyadkarna: Commentary
- Gafhga (stories)
- Udana (pithy saying)
- It Vattaka (Thus spoke, speeches of Buddhas)
- Jataka (Birth Stories)
- Abbutadharma (stories of miracles)
- Vedalla (Teeachings in the form of questions and answers)
Non- Canonical Liteerature
- Dipavamsa: 4th AD
- Mahavamsa: 5th AD
- Caluvamsa: upto 19th AD