Indian National Movement - Early Nationalist Organization, Central Mohammadan NaTional Association, and Moderates
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Early Nationalist Organization
- In 1837, Land Holders Society was founded in Calcutta
- The main purpose of the society was to safeguard their rights under the Permanent Settlement.
- Its initial name was Zamindari Association but later its name was changed to Land Holders Society. British Indian Society- 1839
- This society was founded in Lojidoji
- The free traders formed this association to draw the attention to the despotic and medieval character of the company՚s administration. Bengal British India Association - 1843
- It was founded on the advice of George Thomas.
- George Thomas was the Secretary of British Indian Society
- It was the first political association of India
- It was founded by William Adam on the advice of George Thomas
British India Association-1851
Founders
- Radha Kant Dev
- Devendra Nath Tagore
- Prasana Kumar Bombay Association and Madras Native
Association-1852
Founders
- Jagannath
- Shanker Seth
- Dadabhai Naoroji
- Fadunji
- Bhaudaji
Central Mohammadan NaTional Association
- It was founded in 1878 at Calcutta.
- It was founded by Sayyid Amir Ah.
Bombay Presidency Association-1885
Founders
- l. K. T. Tailang
- Feroz Shah Mehta
- Badruddin Tayal Ji.
Indian Union-1884
- Founded by A. O. Hume.
- Its first Conference held at Poona
- Indian National Congress-1885
- Founded at Gokul Das Tejpal Sanskrit College at Bombay, by A. O. Hume
- Other important founding members were:
- Dadabhai Naoroji
- Feroz Shah Mehta
- Badruddin Tayalji
- WC. Banerjee.
- The word ‘Indian National Congress’ was given by Dadabhai Naoroji
- ‘Congress’ means an assembly of some people, it is derived from American history.
- The entire period of Congress can be divided into 3 parts:
- Moderates- 1885 - 1905
- Extremists- 1905 - 1916
- Gandhian Phase - 1916 - 1947
Objectives
- Fusion into one national whole of all the different and discordant elements that constituted the population of India.
- Gradual regeneration along all lines- mental, moral, social and political lines of the nation, thus declared.
- Consolidation of union between England and India.
- Improvement and consolidation of feeling of national unity, irrespective of caste, religion and province.
- Indian National Social Conference-1840
- Founded by M. G Ranade and Raghunath
Moderates
Demands
- No taxation without representation.
- Demand for swaraj (Calcutta, 1906) .
- Greater Indianization of I. C. S.
- Simultaneous examination of I. C. S.
- They were against the attack on Burma and Afghanistan.
- They popularised swadeshi.
- They were against the abandonment of tariff on imports.
- They were against the imposition of cotton excise dutv. ;
- Agairist drain of wealth.
- They demanded the separation of power between Judiciary and Executive.
- To repeal the Arms Act.
- Reduction in Military expenditure.
- Appointment of Indians above the rank of 2nd Lieutenant in Indian Army.
Achievements
- The Indian Council Act, 1892 was the result of their demand.
- The concept of Swaraj which was highlighted in Banaras and Calcutta session in l905 and l906, continued to be a guiding factor of Congress upto 1929, Lahore session.
- Webley Commission was constituted to assess the revenue expenditure.
- The Military expenditure reduced considerably.
- Swadeshi considerably affects the import patterns.
- The Drain Theory exposed the character of British exploitation.
Leaders
- l. K. T. Telang
- Gopal Krishna Gokhle.
- Feroz Shah Mehta.
- R. M. Sawhney.
- 5. A M Dharmsi.
- Badruddin Tayabji.
- W. C. Banerjee.
- Dada Bhai Naoroji
- George Yule
- Anand Charlu
- Alferd Web
- S. N. Banerjee
- Rahmat Ullah Sayani
- C. Shankaran Aiyar.
- Anand Mohan Bose
- N. G. Chakravarty
- D. E. Wacha
- Lal Mohan Ghosh
- Henry Cotton.
Extremists
- Mode of Struggle Non-Cooperation Movement
- Passive resistance
- The concept of passive resistance was given by Aurobindo Ghosh
- Mass Agitation
- Self-reliance
- The concept of Atma Shakti (self-reliance) was given by Rabindranath Tagore
- Self-respect (this concept was given by Swami Vivekanand)
- Causes for the rise of Extremists
- Due to the mendicancy of the moderates
- The international influence:
- The defeat of Russia by Japan in 1904 - 05:
- In 1896, Ethiopia defeated Italy;
- Influence of the. Russian nihilism
- The emergence of radical leaders:
- Aurobindo Ghosh
- He started a systematic critic of moderate politics.
- He published an article called New Lamps for Old and this article created new awareness among the new generation
- Ashwini Kumar Dutt
- Said about 1897 at Amrauti session that it is a three-days Tamasha
- Lala Lajpat Rai
- He regarded the Congress session ‘it is factuous annual festival of British educated elites’ .
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- He started patriotic cum historical cult as the central symbol of nationalism;
- In 1894, he started Ganpati Shivaii festival;
- In 1896, he started no revenue campaign;
- In 1896, he boycotted against the Cotton Excise Tax and therefore he gave the concept of swadeshi;
- A historian called Vincent Chirol said ‘he is the father of Indian unrest’ .
- Rabindra Nath Tagore
- Through his poems he at-tacked the Congress mendicancy and repeated call for Atma Shakti. by establishing swadeshi industries;
- He pleaded melas for mass contact;
- Therefore, he may be regarded as the ‘father of mass agitation’ .
- Harkishan Lai
- He was an Arva Samajist:
- In 1901, he wrote two articles in a journal Kayasth in which he exposed the moderates;
- Aurobindo Ghosh
- Curzon՚s reactionary policy of mission, omission and commission.
- Partition of Bengal in 1905.
- The impact of Drain Theory was on:
- M. G. Ranade- The Essays in Indian Economics,
- R. C. Putt - Economic History of India,
- Dadabhai Naoroji - Poverty and Un-British Rule in India
Extremists Leaders
- K. K. Mitra
- Brahma Bandhav Upadhyay
- Satish Chandra Mukherjee
- Pulin Das
- B. C. Pal
- Ras Bihari Bose
- Apurva Kumar Ghosh
- Rajnikant Sen
- Ashwini Kumar Dutt
- Kharpade
Revolutionary Terrorism
Terrorist Activity abroad
I. Home Rule Society
- it is known as India House
- its head quarter was Lon-don.
- it was founded in 1905.
- they published their own journal called Indian Sociologists
- it was founded by Shyamji Krishna Varma.
Other leaders:
- Hardayal -V. D. Savarkar
- M. L. Dhingra
It was suppressed and they left to Paris with Madam Kama.
II.Indian Independence Committee
- Head quarter at Berlin
- Founder was Virendra Nath Chattopadhyay
- Works:
- Sent mission to Baghdad, Istanbul, Persia and Kabul
- Raja Mahendra Pratap was sent to Kabul
- Maulana Barkatullah and Maulana Obeidullah Sindhi formed a provinsional government of India.
III.Indian National Party
- Head quarter was at Zurich
- Founder was Champak Raman Pillai
- Other members:
- Hardayal
- Taraknath
- Barakutullah
- Chandrakant Chakravorty
- Harambha Lal
IV. Paris Indian Society
- Head quarter was at Paris
- Founder was Madam Bhikaji Kama
- Members:
- S. S. Rana
- M. P. T. Acharya
- K. R. Kotwal
V. Pan Islamic Party
- Founded by Mahendra Pratap
- Headquarter was at Kabul
- Important members:
- Barakutullah
- Maulana Obeidullah
VI. Gadar Party
- Headquarter was at Yugantar Ashram, San Fransisco (USA) ;
- Founded by Lala Hardayal (and Sohan Singh Bhakna)
- Sohan Singh Bhakna was the President
- Hardayal was the General Secy.
- Pandit Kashi Ram was the treasurer
- The old name of the Gadar Party was Hindi Association
- which was set up in Port Land in May 1913.
- Important Members:
- Bhai Parmanand
- Ram Chandra -Gadar՚s weekly journal was called Hindustan Gadar and the front page of this journal contained the article Angrezi Raj Ka Kachcha Chittha
- Methods of Gadar Party:
- To murder the loyal subjects and officials
- Hoisting the revolutionary flag
- Breaking of thejail
- Looting treasury and thana
- Propagating through literature
- Commission of rlacoits
- The procurement of the anns
- Manufacture of bombs
- Formation of secret societies
- Destruction of railways and telegraph
- To publish paper in four languages: Hindi, Urdu, Gurumukhi and English
- Hardayal was later arrested and thereafter, he was released on hail and then he escaped safely to Geneva and edited a paper called Vande Matram.
- In America, his disciple Ram Chandra headed the Gadar Party
- The Gadar Party became quite active during World War-I (WW-I)
- On 29th August, 1914, the Gadar Party sent 60 revolutionaries in India in S. S. Korea ship; they were detained at HongKong.
- But, a lot of revolutionaries escaped and reached to India and they did a lot of terrorist activities in India.
Komagata Maru Incident
- Baba Gurdit Singly a Sikh of Amritsar, chartered a Japanese ship called Koma Gata Maru, early in 1914 to carry large number of Punjabis to Canada but they were not al-lowed to land in Canada and the ship returned to India.
- The British government thought that they are all revolutionary of Gadar Party.
- They were compelled to take a train from Calcutta en route to Punjab.
- Only 60 passengers agreed and the rest wanted to go to Calcutta and refused to get into Punjab train.
- Police attacked them and 18 Sikhs were killed, 29 disappeared and rest were arrested.