15th Century Religion Sufi Movement: Silsilla
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Suhrawardi
- Shaikh Shibabuddin Suhrawardi: (1145 - 1234)
- Founded the Silsilla and wrote a book called Awariful Maarif
- The real founder of this silsilla was Bahauddin Zakariyya (1182 - 1262) .
- Born near Kot Karor, near Multan, who had a leading Khanqah at Multan; invited Iltutmish to attack Multan to defeat the ruler Qabacha, who conferred the title: Shaikh ul Islam (leader of Islamic community) , main activity near Sind at Uchch.
- Shaikh Raknuddin Fath (died 1334 - 35) highly respected by Alauddin Khalji and Mohammad Bin Tuglak. Property was essential.
- Sayyid Jalaluddin Bukhari
- Popularly known as Makhdum - i - Jahaniyan (Lord of the World՚s People) and also called Jahanghast (World Traveller)
- Known for his Shab-i-barat ceremony Sayyid Muhammad
- Known as Shah Mahjhan, he was conferred a title: Shah i Alam (King of the Universe)
- Firdausiyya:
- The outstanding Sufi of this Silsilla was Shaikh Sarfuddin Ahmed Yaha Munyari, lived during Mohhamad Bin Tugluk and Feroz Shah Tugluk.
- He be- Leaved in Wahadat al Wujud. He died in 1381
Chishtiyya
- Believes in pantheistic monism Wahadat- ul- Wujud, (Unity of Being)
- Origin: Khwaja Chisti near Herat
Khwaja Main-Uddin Cristi -1141 - 1236
- Born in Sistan; came to Lahore
- Finally settled in Ajmer, 1206
- Tomb built in Malwa, brought under state control during Akbar
Shaikh Hamiduddm Nagauri- 1192 - 1274
- An ordinary Rajasthani cultivator, refused to take any financial help and gifts
- Refrained from calling any Hindu a Kifir
Shaikh Fariduddin Mahmud
- Mohammad Bin Tugluk married his daughter to his grandson
- One of the Shaikh՚s disciple was Khwaja Ziauddin Nakshabandi.
- Khwaja Outubuddin Bakhtivar Kaki (died: 12361)
- No political activity and Delhi was his centre of activity
- Popularized Sama
- Iltutmish visited his place and built Qutub Minar in his name.
Baba Farriduddin Ganj I Shankar (Died 12651)
- Khanqah at Ajodhan in the Punjab.
- He built Jamat Khana
- His verses are quoted in Adi Granth
Nizamuddin Auliya - 1287 - 1325
- Known as Mahmud i illahi
- Nizamiyah branch assumed All India status
- Famous dictum “Delhi Doorashat” ;
Shaikh Nasiruddin Mahmud
- Known as Chirag i Delhi; his teachings ate incorporated in Khayrul Majalis
- Known as perfect siddha
- He did not nominate any successor
Maulana Burhauddin Gharib
- Forced by Mohammad Bin Tugluk to leave Delhi for Daulatabad, But the Chisti Silsilla was actually popularized by Muhammad bin Yusuf al Hnsavani.
- Commonly known as Banda Nawaz or Gesu Daraz; first settled in Gujarat and later shifted to Gulbarga.
- Earlier he was Wahadat al Wujud but later became Wahadat al Shudud; died in 1422.
- In Bengal Chisttiya silsilla was founed by Shaikh Akhi Sirajuddin Usman, at Pandua, He appointed Shaikh Alaal Haqq as khalifa.
- Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri to show his reverence to Shaikh Salim Chisti.
- Only difference between Suhrawardi and Chisttiyya was that: the Suhrawardi didn՚t believe in poverty and Chisttiyya believed in it.
Naqashbandi
- Turanis were main patrons; it was originally called Silsilah i khwajgan;
- It was the only silsilla which did not practice Yoga.
- Earliest reference has been found of Khwaja Bahauddin Muhammad Naqasbandh. Khwaja Ubaidullah Ahrar lived during Babar.
- Then the most important Sufi was Khwaja Baqi Billah; died in 1603.
- Shaikh Ahmad of Sarhind popularly known as Imam Rabbani and Mujaddid Alf Thani (Reformer of the second millennium) . He opposed Pantheistic philosophy (Wahadat ul Wajud) and propouned Wahadat ul Shudud.
- Other important Sufi saints were: Khwaja Masum, Khwaja Said helped Aurangzeb against Dara and regarded Aurangzeb as the last hope of the Muslims. At the end ofl679, Aurangzeb banned Mujaddid՚s principle.
Mahadawi
- Sayyid Muhammad of Jaunpur left an indelible mark on the Mahadawi; during the
- reign of Sultan Mahmud Shah Sharqi.
- They carried arms and forcibly stopped non-sharia practices.
- He was succeeded by Sayyid Mahmud, and then Khwandamir.
- Most important Mahdi was Shaikh Abdullaha Niyazi and his disciple Shaikh Alai. They lived during the reign of Islam Shah.
- Islam Shah became worried about the conversion of Afghani soliders into Mahadawies.In 1550, Shaikh Alai was beaten to death at Makhdumul Mulk՚s order.
Shattariyyas
- It was founded by Shah Abdullah, earned the name Shattar (Fast Runner) ;
- converted Ghiyasuddin Shah of Bengal; opposed Shuhud; patronised by Humayuna.
Qadiriyya
- They originated from the thought of Muhy iuddin Abdul Qadir Jilani;
- Shaikh Abdul Qadir made Qaddiriyya order famous in Punjab and Sind.
- Akbar favoured shaikh Musa; Musa was friend of Abul Fazl.
- Shah Abdur Razzaq was a great teacher of Wahadat al Wujud.
- He was criticised for his violation of Shariah and advocated Wahadat al Wujud.
- Mian Mir became important after him.In 1620, Jahangir invited him to visit his camp in Kashmir. Mulla Shah was his famous disciple.
- Mulla Shah: In 1639 - 40 both Prince Dara Shukoh and his sister Jahan Ara became his disciple.
- Jahan Ara Begum, sometimes known as Begum Sahiba, wrote a biography on Mulla Shah called Sahibiya.
Kubrawiyya
- The principal centre was Kashmir.
- It was introduced by Mir Sayyid Ah Hamadani
- Sultan Sikander became follower of this sect; he was converted by Mir Muhammad.
- Bayhaqi Sayyid converted Zain ul Abidin
Shi Is
- It was first established in Sind; the Fatimid was Ismailli Shi is and had introduced the hierarchical dais missionary system.
- Shah Raziuddin converted Burhan Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar.
- The P. M of Golkunda, Mir Muhammad Mumin, established this sect in Hyderabad.
- Mir Samsuddin Iraqi popularised in Kashmir.
- During the reign of Akbar Hakim Fathullah Shirazi (Mathematician) , Abdul Fath Gilani, Hakim Humam, Mulla Ahmad of Thatta was a historian and wrote large portion of the Tarikh a Alfi; Mulla Muhammad Yazdi.
- The most learned Shi՚s of Akbar reign was Qazi Nurullah Shustri, wrote Ihqaqul Haqq.
Qalandars
- The founder of the Hayadari Qalandars belonged to Turbat-i-Haydar near Mashhadinlran. They called themselves Sikh i muhr.
- Shaikh Abu Bakr Tusi Hayadari settled on the banks of the Jamuna in Delhi and built a khanqah there.
- Abu Ali Qalandar lived in Panipat.
Rudali
- Main Centre was Lucknow
- Founder: Allauddin Ali bin Ahmad sabir, a disciple of baba Farid, lived in Kalyar
- Abdul bin abdul Haq: lived in Jaunpur
- Patronised by Sharqui dynasty
- Shah Mahibullah lived in Allahabad
- Shaikh Abdul Quddis: lived Saharanpur
Rausaniya
- Founded by Bayyazid Ansari, lived in jallandar
- mainly confined in Kashmir and Kabul.