15th Century Religion Sufi Movement: Silsilla

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Suhrawardi

  • Shaikh Shibabuddin Suhrawardi: (1145 - 1234)
  • Founded the Silsilla and wrote a book called Awariful Maarif
  • The real founder of this silsilla was Bahauddin Zakariyya (1182 - 1262) .
  • Born near Kot Karor, near Multan, who had a leading Khanqah at Multan; invited Iltutmish to attack Multan to defeat the ruler Qabacha, who conferred the title: Shaikh ul Islam (leader of Islamic community) , main activity near Sind at Uchch.
  • Shaikh Raknuddin Fath (died 1334 - 35) highly respected by Alauddin Khalji and Mohammad Bin Tuglak. Property was essential.
  • Sayyid Jalaluddin Bukhari
  • Popularly known as Makhdum - i - Jahaniyan (Lord of the World՚s People) and also called Jahanghast (World Traveller)
  • Known for his Shab-i-barat ceremony Sayyid Muhammad
  • Known as Shah Mahjhan, he was conferred a title: Shah i Alam (King of the Universe)
  • Firdausiyya:
    • The outstanding Sufi of this Silsilla was Shaikh Sarfuddin Ahmed Yaha Munyari, lived during Mohhamad Bin Tugluk and Feroz Shah Tugluk.
    • He be- Leaved in Wahadat al Wujud. He died in 1381

Chishtiyya

  • Believes in pantheistic monism Wahadat- ul- Wujud, (Unity of Being)
  • Origin: Khwaja Chisti near Herat

Khwaja Main-Uddin Cristi -1141 - 1236

  • Born in Sistan; came to Lahore
  • Finally settled in Ajmer, 1206
  • Tomb built in Malwa, brought under state control during Akbar

Shaikh Hamiduddm Nagauri- 1192 - 1274

  • An ordinary Rajasthani cultivator, refused to take any financial help and gifts
  • Refrained from calling any Hindu a Kifir

Shaikh Fariduddin Mahmud

  • Mohammad Bin Tugluk married his daughter to his grandson
  • One of the Shaikh՚s disciple was Khwaja Ziauddin Nakshabandi.
  • Khwaja Outubuddin Bakhtivar Kaki (died: 12361)
  • No political activity and Delhi was his centre of activity
  • Popularized Sama
  • Iltutmish visited his place and built Qutub Minar in his name.

Baba Farriduddin Ganj I Shankar (Died 12651)

  • Khanqah at Ajodhan in the Punjab.
  • He built Jamat Khana
  • His verses are quoted in Adi Granth

Nizamuddin Auliya - 1287 - 1325

  • Known as Mahmud i illahi
  • Nizamiyah branch assumed All India status
  • Famous dictum “Delhi Doorashat” ;

Shaikh Nasiruddin Mahmud

  • Known as Chirag i Delhi; his teachings ate incorporated in Khayrul Majalis
  • Known as perfect siddha
  • He did not nominate any successor

Maulana Burhauddin Gharib

  • Forced by Mohammad Bin Tugluk to leave Delhi for Daulatabad, But the Chisti Silsilla was actually popularized by Muhammad bin Yusuf al Hnsavani.
  • Commonly known as Banda Nawaz or Gesu Daraz; first settled in Gujarat and later shifted to Gulbarga.
  • Earlier he was Wahadat al Wujud but later became Wahadat al Shudud; died in 1422.
  • In Bengal Chisttiya silsilla was founed by Shaikh Akhi Sirajuddin Usman, at Pandua, He appointed Shaikh Alaal Haqq as khalifa.
  • Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri to show his reverence to Shaikh Salim Chisti.
  • Only difference between Suhrawardi and Chisttiyya was that: the Suhrawardi didn՚t believe in poverty and Chisttiyya believed in it.

Naqashbandi

  • Turanis were main patrons; it was originally called Silsilah i khwajgan;
  • It was the only silsilla which did not practice Yoga.
  • Earliest reference has been found of Khwaja Bahauddin Muhammad Naqasbandh. Khwaja Ubaidullah Ahrar lived during Babar.
  • Then the most important Sufi was Khwaja Baqi Billah; died in 1603.
  • Shaikh Ahmad of Sarhind popularly known as Imam Rabbani and Mujaddid Alf Thani (Reformer of the second millennium) . He opposed Pantheistic philosophy (Wahadat ul Wajud) and propouned Wahadat ul Shudud.
  • Other important Sufi saints were: Khwaja Masum, Khwaja Said helped Aurangzeb against Dara and regarded Aurangzeb as the last hope of the Muslims. At the end ofl679, Aurangzeb banned Mujaddid՚s principle.

Mahadawi

  • Sayyid Muhammad of Jaunpur left an indelible mark on the Mahadawi; during the
  • reign of Sultan Mahmud Shah Sharqi.
  • They carried arms and forcibly stopped non-sharia practices.
  • He was succeeded by Sayyid Mahmud, and then Khwandamir.
  • Most important Mahdi was Shaikh Abdullaha Niyazi and his disciple Shaikh Alai. They lived during the reign of Islam Shah.
  • Islam Shah became worried about the conversion of Afghani soliders into Mahadawies.In 1550, Shaikh Alai was beaten to death at Makhdumul Mulk՚s order.

Shattariyyas

  • It was founded by Shah Abdullah, earned the name Shattar (Fast Runner) ;
  • converted Ghiyasuddin Shah of Bengal; opposed Shuhud; patronised by Humayuna.

Qadiriyya

  • They originated from the thought of Muhy iuddin Abdul Qadir Jilani;
  • Shaikh Abdul Qadir made Qaddiriyya order famous in Punjab and Sind.
  • Akbar favoured shaikh Musa; Musa was friend of Abul Fazl.
  • Shah Abdur Razzaq was a great teacher of Wahadat al Wujud.
  • He was criticised for his violation of Shariah and advocated Wahadat al Wujud.
  • Mian Mir became important after him.In 1620, Jahangir invited him to visit his camp in Kashmir. Mulla Shah was his famous disciple.
  • Mulla Shah: In 1639 - 40 both Prince Dara Shukoh and his sister Jahan Ara became his disciple.
  • Jahan Ara Begum, sometimes known as Begum Sahiba, wrote a biography on Mulla Shah called Sahibiya.

Kubrawiyya

  • The principal centre was Kashmir.
  • It was introduced by Mir Sayyid Ah Hamadani
  • Sultan Sikander became follower of this sect; he was converted by Mir Muhammad.
  • Bayhaqi Sayyid converted Zain ul Abidin

Shi Is

  • It was first established in Sind; the Fatimid was Ismailli Shi is and had introduced the hierarchical dais missionary system.
  • Shah Raziuddin converted Burhan Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar.
  • The P. M of Golkunda, Mir Muhammad Mumin, established this sect in Hyderabad.
  • Mir Samsuddin Iraqi popularised in Kashmir.
  • During the reign of Akbar Hakim Fathullah Shirazi (Mathematician) , Abdul Fath Gilani, Hakim Humam, Mulla Ahmad of Thatta was a historian and wrote large portion of the Tarikh a Alfi; Mulla Muhammad Yazdi.
  • The most learned Shi՚s of Akbar reign was Qazi Nurullah Shustri, wrote Ihqaqul Haqq.

Qalandars

  • The founder of the Hayadari Qalandars belonged to Turbat-i-Haydar near Mashhadinlran. They called themselves Sikh i muhr.
  • Shaikh Abu Bakr Tusi Hayadari settled on the banks of the Jamuna in Delhi and built a khanqah there.
  • Abu Ali Qalandar lived in Panipat.

Rudali

  • Main Centre was Lucknow
  • Founder: Allauddin Ali bin Ahmad sabir, a disciple of baba Farid, lived in Kalyar
  • Abdul bin abdul Haq: lived in Jaunpur
  • Patronised by Sharqui dynasty
  • Shah Mahibullah lived in Allahabad
  • Shaikh Abdul Quddis: lived Saharanpur

Rausaniya

  • Founded by Bayyazid Ansari, lived in jallandar
  • mainly confined in Kashmir and Kabul.