Kingdoms in India: Paramaras, Chalukvas, Karkota Dynasty, Lohara Dynasty, Utpala Dynasty, Harsha Rashtrakutas, Chalukyan Badami, Chalukyas, & Cholas
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Paramaras of Malwa
- The Paramara dynasty was an early medieval Indian royal Rajput house that ruled over the Malwa region in central India during c.800 - 1305 CE.
- Its most significant ruler was Bhoja I.
- The seat of the Paramara kingdom was Dharanagara, the present day Dhar city in Madhya Pradesh.
- Capital: Ujjain, transferred to Dhara (M. P)
- Malwa՚s Inhabitants: probably a vassal of Pratiharas or Rashtrakutas
Bhoja: 993
- Titles: Kaviraja
- Founded Bhojasala College, wrote Ayurveda -saravasva (medicine)
- Samarangana- sutra-dhara (architecture)
- Attacked by Chalukyas and Kalachuris
Chalukvas of Gujarat
- Inhabitant: Gujarat-Anhilwara or Solankis.
- Capital: Anhilwara
- Founder: Mularaja I Camundaraja 995
Bhima I: 1022 - 1064
- 1025 Ghazni plundered Somnath Bhima I after his departure revived the Chalukya power and formed a confederacy with Lakshmi Kama Kalacuri against the Paramaras
Cahamanas of Sekambhar
- Inhabitants: Sakambha-ridesa also known as Sapadalaksha
- Capital: Sakambhari, modern Sambhar in Rajasthan
- Founder: Simharaja; declared independence from Pratiharas
Vigraharaja IV Visaladeva 1153 - 64
- An inscription found at Bijolia (Mewar) specially credits him with conquest of Delhi which must have wrested from Vijayachandra Gahadavalas or Tomars
- The Harakeli -Nataka, portions of which were recovered form an inscribed stone slab on the wall of a mosque named Adhai-din-Ka-Jhopra, is supposed to be his composition;
- Lalita Vigraharaja -similarly discovered, was . written in his honour by Mahakavi Somadeva.
Prithviraja III Rai Pithora
- Put down the revolt of Nagarjuna, son of his uncle Vigraharaja.
- Defeated the Chandella Paramardi, and occupied Mahoba and other fortresses in Bundelkhand.
- Invaded Chalukya Bhima III of Gujarat.
- Battle of Tarain.
Guhilas of Mewar:
- Capital: Nagahrada transferred to Aghata in lOthA. D.
- Founder: Guhadatta- 6th AD
Kashmir
Karkota Dynasty (625 to 1003 CE)
- Founded by Durlabhavarman in 627 A. D.
Tarapida Lalitaditya Muk-Tapida-724 - 760
- Alliance with Yasova-rman. Defeated Tibetans.
- Kalhana gives information about his conquests.
- Repulsed Arab, won victory over Kambojas Dards and Turks.
- Sent missions to China.
- Foundation of Martanda Temple.
- His court adorned by Kshiraswamin, Udbhata, Damodara Gupta, Vamana.
Utpala Dynasty
- Founded by Avantivarman 855 - 883
Lohara Dynasty
- Founded by Samgra-maraja under his low caste favourities.
- The Lohara dynasty were Hindu rulers of Kashmir between 1003 and approximately 1320.
- The early history of the dynasty was described in the Rajatarangini a work written by Kalhana in the mid-12th century and upon which many and perhaps all studies of the first 150 years of the dynasty depend
Harsha (C. 590 - 640)
- Introduced custom of putting on head dress - ear rings in Kashmir overthrown by the two brothers Ucchala and Sussala of collateral Lohara dynasty.
- Harsha (c. 590 – 647) , also known as Harshavardhana, was an Indian emperor who ruled North India from 606 to 647 from his capital Kanauj.
- He belonged to Pushyabhuti Dynasty.
- He was the son of Prabhakarvardhana who defeated the Huna invaders and the younger brother of Rajyavardhana, a king of Thanesar, Haryana.
- He was the founder and ruler of the Empire of Harsha and at the height of his power his empire spanned the Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bengal, Odisha and the entire Indo-Gangetic plain north of the Narmada River.
Rashtrakutas
- Rashtrakuta was a royal dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian Subcontinent between the sixth and 10th centuries.
- The earliest known Rashtrakuta inscription is a 7th-century copper plate grant detailing their rule from Manapura, a city in Central or West India.
Chalukyan Badami Origin (543 - 753)
- Origin: A descent from Satyaki, a Yadava chief of north but Chalukyan records attributes them as Kutunibins and agriculturists.
- Capital: Manyakhet, (Mal-khed) Modern Sholapur. Founder: Dantivarman or Dantidurga
Amoghavarsha: 814 - 878 a. D
- Jinasena who wrote Adipurana, Mahavira-charyas who wrote Gantiasara Samgraha; and Saktayana who wrote Amoghavirilti.
- Amoghavarsa himself wrote “Kavirajamarga” which is the earliest Kannada work on poetics.
- Equated with Vikramaditya and Sulaiman, an Arab traveller, rates him equal to the ‘Caliph of Baghdad and Turkey’ .
Chalukyas of Kalvana
- Nearest enemy called Cholas of Tanjore.
- Capital Kalyani (Karnataka) Origin: Overthrew Rashtrakutas.
- Founder: Tailpa or Taila n 974 - 997
Hoysalas of Darasamundra
- Founder: Nrpakama: a petty chieftain of Sasakpura.
Vinayaditva Bhillama V 1189 - 1220
- Over threw Somsevara IV
Kakatiyas of Warangal 1000 - 1326
- Bheta I: A sudra, ruled Naldona
- Prola I: Chalukyan supremacy
- Bheta II: Received salbi sariya and Karimmagar from Chalukya Vikramaditya
Cholas
- Nearest rival Chalukyas of Kalyana
- Origin: Stemmed up from the of Pallavas of Kanchi;
- Capital: Tanjore
- Founder: Vijayalaya 850 AD 857 AD
Rajaraja I: 985 - 1014
- Titles: Mummadai Chola-deva (Chola 3 times) , Immadi Chola (2 times Chola) , Nurmadi (100 times Chola) ,
- Sri Lanka - named Mummadi Cholamandalam; captured Maldives and captured 1200 islands and captured a part of Ceylon.
- Ardent supporter of Shaivism; therefore, assumed title: Shivapada Shekhara
- Granted village for maintenance of Buddhist viharas, built by a King of a Sailendra dynasty at Nagapattam called Maravijayotungavarman
- Introduced the practice of giving royal names to idols,
- local self government; Revenue , In 1000 got lands measured.
- Introduction of the system of auditing of the accounts of the village assemblies and other local bodies.
- Built ternple of Rajarajesh-wara at Tanjore, Vishnu Temples.
- Introduced system of yuvaraja in the system of administration.
- Encouraged trade with S. E. Asia and China.
- Greatest contributions:-the tradition of beginning the Chola epigraphs with historical introductions.
- Wife was Lokamahadevi, and daughter was Kundava (eldest) .
Rajendra Chola 1014 - 1044
- Titles:-Gangai konda chola, Mudikonda, Kadarana-konda, Pandita Chola, Uttama Chola
- In 1012 declared Yuvaraja
- In 1017 annexed whole of Sri Lanka.
- Founded new capital Gangaikondacholapuram, Trichirapalli (T. N.)
- Irrigation: immense artificial tank which was filled by water from the channels of Vellar Rivers, called Chola Tank
Rajadhiraja 1044 - 1052
- Asvamedha sacrifices were conducted in 1044.
- Subdued the Pandyan and Kerala and Sri Lankan League.
- Asvamedha celebration
- Defeated and killed by Somesvara I in Battle of Koppam; mentioned as Annaimerunjina (one who died on elephant back) .
- Seized Kolapuram and burnt down Jaina Temple.
Rajendrachola II (Kulottunga I) (1070 - 1120)
- Title: Talakadgonda, Tribh-uvanachakravarti, Sun gand-havriddha who abolished Taxes: Sugandh or Sankam, Viruddharaj a-Bhy ankara.
- Matrimonial alliance:-Vimaladitya of Vengi.
- Trade with china; send embassies.
- Internal administrative reforms.
- Sankam (tariff) abolished.
- In1086, ordered second survey of the land instead of self-glorification, and tried to protect fiscal resources.
- Mother՚s name: Amang-devi (Daughter of Rajendra Chola I) and Father՚s name was Rajaraja I; he was 75% Chola by blood.
Administration
- Kinship was based on divine origin; king was the fountainhead and his oral orders were called Tiruva-kyakelavi. It was the law.
- They had four capitals:
- Tanjore,
- Gangaikondacholapuram,
- Mundik-ondacholapuram and
- Kanchi
- Higher officials were called: Perundaran and Lower officials were called Sirutaram
- Dispatch Clerks: Vidai-adhikari
- Welfare state and probably taxation was quite low and the village council collected public revenue in both cash and kind.
- Army consisted of: Elephant, Cavalry and Infantry. Elephant 60,000 and Army 1,50, 000.
- Kadagam or Padavidu was Cantonment.
- Horses imported from Arabia.
- Velakaras: King՚s Bodyguard.
- In the army mostly Keralans were appointed
- Army consisted mainly of Kaikolas (Men with strong arms)
- King use to lead army from the front: Rajaditya killed in Takkolam and Rajadhiraja killed in Koppam.
- Mahadandanayaka; Nayaka and Senapati (Vellalas) ; wars were fought mainly for me shake of cattle lifting
- Hero of the war was called Kshatriyashikamani.
- During the time of Rajaraja I: Naval force reached climax: won over Coromandal, Malabar and Bay of Bengal was reduced to Chola Lake.
- State was consisted of Mandalam, then Mandalam was divided into Valanadu or Nadu and Nadu was divided into Kurram or Kottam and then it was autonomous units.
- Provinces were headed by Royal Blood.
- Chola Government was famous for self-government.
- The commercial activities held at Nagaram
- Village Administration was divided into two parts: Ur and Sabha. We have little information reagrding Ur: it may be organised village sabha in which people were owners of land and they had membership in local bodies.
- Mahasabha: Agrahara⟋ Brahmdeya grants found mainly in Tondaimandalam and Cholamandalam
- Parantaka՚s Uttaramerur Inscription (919 and 921) gives information about the functioning of the Sabha.
- The Member of Executive Committee of Sabha was called Variyam; the qualification for the membership was following:
- Ownership of more than l⟋4th veli (about acre and half) ; 1 Veli was 6 acres.
- Residence in a house built on own՚s site.
- Age 35 - 70.
- Knowledge of Vedic literature.
- If does not own l⟋4th of veli and can have knowledge of one Veda and l⟋8th veli was must.
Disqualification
- 3 years or more has been member of, a committee
- If the person concerned does not timely submit its accounts
- If there was any incest (prohibited relationship within family)
- Those who had stolen the property of pthers.
- Sabha had 30 members: called Kudunibus; out of thirty members 3 main committees were there:
- Garden and Tank Committee: 12 Numbers: called SamvatsaraVariyum
- Tank committee: Erivariyum: 06 Members
- Garden Committee on maintenance of Roads: Tottavariyait
- There was as many as two standing committees: Panchavaravariyum (Standing committee) and Ponava-riyam (Annual Committee)
- The menders are called Veriyaperumakal and Mahasabhd was called Perugural and members called Perumakal Sabha congregated near a temple tree a bank of river and resolutions of Sabha was called Vyavasfhai
Powers of Sabha
- Possessed proprietary rights over the communal land
- Did everything preliminary to the land required by the Central government;
- Cooperated with royal officials in estimating and assessing and assessing revenue;
- The Government, in order to bring change in the classification of land needed to consult them
- Collected taxes for the welfare of the villages.
- Assisted the Police in order to prevent crime
- Also had judicial powers: Nyayattar (Nattar: assembly of Nadu)
- Any grant (Dharma-variyam) , supervision, maintained of road, irrigation, tanks and gardens.
- Padikavalknh: Police tax
- Udankuttan: Royal ATtendants.
Society and Economy
- Salabhoga: Land granted for educational purposes
- Paddy was the medium of exchange
- There were three main cereals: Samidhanya; Sukha and rice
- Dams for irrigation surrounded: Highest dam Srirangam: 1080 ft
- Shiraf was the meeting point of the traders;
- According to Morco Polo Ginger and Cinamom was available in. Pandvaa state.
- According to Idrisi, a merchant: cardamom: Hills of Fundrina (Malabar)
- According to Ibn Sayyid: Malabar was centre of pepper and Sandlewood: Malaya Hill, in Western Ghat.
- Chau Ju Kua: Tusks (Ivory) , Drugs and Camphor
- Textile production was prominent and was exported. Perfumes, spices and precious stones to China; Gujarat was famous for Textile.
- Import: Horse: Arabia⟋ Persia (220 dinar) ; Horse dealer: Kudiraicheti
- Trading Corporations was called: Nnanadeshi-tissaiyaira-tuaniruvar
- Smriti Chandrika says: Trade was extended up to Farmosa
- Guild organisation was Manigramam or Valaniyar
- College was called Inairama, Tirubhuvani, Tiruvadu, Tiruvoryur
- The society was divided into two groups: Valangai (traders, cultivators, and labourers) and Idangai (craftsman)