Religion of India - Vardhamana Mahavira
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Vardhamana Mahavira 540 BC- 468 BC
- Born: 540 BC
- Place of birth- Kundagram near Vaishali- Vill- Basarh
- Father- Siddhartha, Chief of Jnatri Kshatriya clan;
- Mother- Trishala, Licchchhavi provinces
- Brother- Nandivardlian
- Renunciation: abandon the world at the age of 30; ascetic Group called Nirgranthrs- (Free From Bonds)
- kept on wandering for 12 years;
- maximum stay in a village- 5hrs. -1 day
- maximum stay in a town-5 lays
Kaivalya-Jnana
- Kaivalya-Jnana and abandoned them near Parsavanath Hills altogether when he attained perfect knowledge;
- propagated for 30 years;
- visited Kosala, Magadha, Mithila, Champa;
- received under salatree on the bank of the river Rijupalika near the village
Jrimbhika-Grama
- died at the of 72 at Pavapuri in Rajgir in 468 B. C. , according to Hemachandra.
- Jemeli- first disciple of Mahavira, subsequently the first leader of Jaina schism; Patronage: Chandra Gupta Maurya ⟋ Karavela of Kalinga and Chalukya Shiddharaja Hemachandra
- great Jaina scholar 1088 AD
- Devachandra was his guru appointed under Jayasimha Siddharaja (Chalukyan)
Philosophy
- They don՚t believed in creator, but emphasized on the existence of the perfected souls.
- They believed in ANEKANTAVADA The reality has indefinite number of aspects and attributes.
- Syadavada: also known as Saptabhandi, accepts it, no absolute and final affirmation of denial is possible because knowledge is a relative quality.
- Derived its metaphyscial thoughts form the Samakhya School.
- Varna: unlike Buddhism, believes in rebirth and recognizes Varna.
- Believed in Jiva and Ajiva:
- The world consists of two eternal, uncreated, co-existing but independent categories.
- It is the most scientific concept of Jainism. Jiva is conscious power, but embarrassed with limitations of materialism and corresponds to soul.
- Ajiva is unconscious like, matter, space, motion, and rest time.
- The most important aspect which distinguishes Jiva and Ajiva is the Knowledge.
- Knowledge: Mati: Sense Perception Sruti: Intelligible Symbols Avadhi: Supermandane: Supernormal means Mahaprayaya: Telepathy KevalaJnana: Knowledge of perfected soul
- Material: Jiva, Puddgal, Dharma, Akash, and Kal
Panch Anuvrata:
- Non violence, i.e., Ahimsa
- Speak the truth, i.e., Satya
- commit no theft, i.e. Asteya,
- Celebacy , i.e., Brahmacharya, Mahavira only introduced this, rest four was already existing
- Non-possession (Aparigraha)
- Tattavas: Aasrava: the flow of subjects, Sanwara: to stop the flow of subjects into the soul, Nirjara: to destroy the subjects, Bandha and Siddha.
- Jainism believed in three aspects: Spad-veda, Sapta-bhangi, and Nyaydeva.
- The followers of Jainism is called NTRGRANTHAS.
Terminologies
- Jitendra: Conquered the senses
- Nirgranthi: Free from fetters
- Jina: the conqueror
- Arhant: Worthy or Perfect
Jaina Sect
- Due to the wearing cloths, a division took place in thee Jainism: Svetambara and Digambara
- Svetamvara, founded by Sthulbahu.
- Digambara, also known as Manatunganota, founded by Bhadrabahu
Jaina Council
- First Council Patallputra 3rd BC:
- This council is known council of Elders, convened by Sthulabahu.Compiled 12 Angas which replaced 14 Purvas (Mahavira՚s Teachings) , teachings received by Sthulabhadra at the feet of Guru Sambutavijya, which was rejected by the Digambaras.
- Second Council: Valabhi: 5thAD Leadership: Devardhi Ksharnasrama Decision:
- Finally Svetambaras 12 Angas reorganized and one was lost and added in the form of 12 Upangas, written down in Ardha-Magadhi language. Digambaras further divided into Samaiyas and Svetambaras divided into Therapanthis who renounced idol worship and believed in scriptures, strict disciplinary laws.
Important Followers
- Gangas,
- Kadambas,
- Chalukyas, and Rashtraku-tas: patronized Jainism.
- Jinasena and Gunabhadra composed Mahapurana King Amoghavarsha of the Rashtrakutas - a Jaina wrote Ratnamalika Ganga ruler Nitimarga In Kanchi,
- Samantabhadra Kalpa Sutra - most important treatise.