Mughal Empire Aurangzeb, Mughal Administration
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Aurangzeb (1658 - 1707)
- On 30th December, 1659, Aurangzeb reached Khajuha - Fatehpur district of U. P. ;
- In this battle Maharaja Jaswant singh was defeated;
- On 5th January, 1659, Aurangzeb defeated Shuja in Khajuha;
- In March 1659, Aurangzeb defeated Dara in the battle of DEORAI - 4 miles south of Ajmer;
- Dara fled away and proceeded towards Persia via Bolan Pass and Qandhar;
- While on the way to Dadar- 9 miles east of Bolan pass, his beloved wife NADIRA B ANU succumbed to terrible hardships.
- But Malik Jeevan, the chieftain of Dadar, whom Dara had once saved from death sentence-betrayed him. Malik Jeevan offered his hospitality, which Dara accepted, but Milik Jeevan sized him along with his 2nd son SHTPHTR SUKOH and 2 daughters delivered them to Aurangzeb՚s General Bahadur Khan;
- They were brought to Delhi. Dara and Siphir were paraded in the streets, and on 30th August, 1659, Dara was put to death;
- Suleman Suko-Dara՚s son- was put to death in May 1662;
- Murad was beheaded on 4th September 1661. He was found guilty of murder of Ali Naqavi;
- On 5th June, 1659, after his decisive battle against Shuja and Dara at Khajua and Deroi respectively, Augangzeb celebrated himself for the second time;
- Dara was very liberal, he had deep interest in painting and always carried his album with himself;
- Aurangzeb was crowned the king in 1658 and ruled till 1707 - 50 years. ; Personality:-
- He was an orthodox Sunni;
- He took the title Alamgir.
- Patronised persian language;
- His biggest blunder was his wish to incorporate Marwar;
- He abolished inland transit duties which were called pandhari;
- He started the practice of inscribing Qalma in the coins;
- He forbade the cultivation of Bhang;
- He abolished NUROZ (Persian festival) ;
- He appointed Muhtasib (Censor of public moral) ;
- Ramjan was made obligatory;
- In 1668, he forbade music in the courts;
- He also abolished Jharankha Darshan and Sati;
- In 1659, he ordered to stop the construction of temples, in a Farman to the Pandit of Benaras;
- He also forbade the repairing of old temples in 1664;
- In 1665, a discriminatory customs duty was fixed to 2.5 per cent for muslims and 5 per cent for the hindus;
- In 1695, Italian physician GEMELLI CARERI came during his period;
- Aurangzeb was an expert calligrapher;
- Fatwa-i-Alamgir had been written under his guidance;
- He had 4 wives:-
- Delras Banu - died in 1657;
- Nawab Bai - left him in 1660;
- Aurangabadi Mahaldied in 1685;
- Udaipuri;
- He is also known as JINDA PEER, or the living saint;
Mughal Administration
Officers | Mining |
---|---|
Wakil: | Prime Minister |
Mir Bakshi: | Head of the military and intelligence department. |
Qazi: | Head of the judiciary department. |
Sadr-us-Sudur: | Religious endowments and charity department |
Muhtasib: | Censorship and public morals. |
Mir Atish: | head of artillery |
Daroga-i-Dakchowki: | Head of correspondence department. |
Nazir-i-Bayutat: | Superintendent of imperial workshop. |
Fauzdar: | Head of Sarkar |
Kotwal: | Magistrate |
Mushrif: | Head accountant |
Mustaufi: | Auditor |
Mir Saman: | Imperial household |
Diwan-i-Khalsa: | for khalisa land |
Diwan-i-Tan: | for cash and salaries |
Diwan-i-Jagir: | for jagirs |
Diwan-i-Tawazib: | for military accounts |
Diwan-i-Sadat: | accounts related to the religious department. |
- Mansabdari system was introduced in the Mughal administration by Akbar in his 19th regnal year in 1575.
- It had two aspects: Zat and Sawar.
- Zat is the personal rank and Sawar is the indication of the cavalry that mansabdar has to maintain.
- There were three types of Mansabdars:
- Amir-i-Umda: Zat varied from 7000 - 25000;
- Amir: Zat varied from 500 - 2500;
- Mansabdar: Zat varied from 10 - 500.
- There were as many as 66 grades but practically only 33 were used.
- Jehangir introduced Du-Aspa Sih-Aspa in masabdari system.
- Shah Jahan introduced the Month Scale.
- Peasants and Raiyyats: Khdkasht: Resident farmers or cultivators
- Pahikasht: Non resident farmers.
- Muqarar-i-Raiya: They possessed more land than khudkasht or pahikasht.
- Muzariah: was more powerful than the Muqara-i-Rayiya.
- Land was categorised into:
- Polaj: land which was annually cultivated for each crop in succession and was never allowed to remain fallow.
- Parti: the land left out of cultivation for time so that it might recover its strength. Chachar: was remained fallow for 3 - 4 years.
- Banjar: had remained uncultivated for 5 or more years.
- For the purpose of measurement of land Akbar introduced Darii Gaj having 41 digits.
- Ain-i-Dahsala system was introduced by Todar Mai.
Mughal Paintings
- Dastan i Amir Hamza or Hamzanamah probably completed in 1576; theie is great controversy regarding the authorship of the book. ,
- Badauni and Shahnawaz Khan says that Mir Sayyid Ali and later Abdus Samad compiled it.
- Mulla Quzwini - in his Nafais ul Maasir - regards Hamraznamah as Humayuna՚s brain child, who appointed Mir
- Sayyid Ali to supervise the work.
- Abul Fazl mentions 15 painters:
- Daswant, committed suicide,
- Basawan, most outstanding,
- Kesava,
- Lai,
- Mukund,
- Mishkin,
- Farrukh Qalmaq,
- Madhu,
- Jagan,
- Mahes,
- Khem Karan,
- Sanwala,
- Haribans,
- Ram,
- Tara.
- Important Painting Works:
- Razmnamah,
- Diwan,
- (3) Tarikh-i-khandan-i-Timuriyya,
- Akbara-namah,
- Baharistan -1594 - 95,
- Anwar i Suhaili -1595 - 96,
- Jami-ut-Tarikh Kamsa of Amir Khusraw,
- Diwan - i - Hafiz,
- Babur-namah,
- Jog Bashisht -1602,
- NafahatalUns-1603,
- Iyar i Danish (1604 - 05)
AKBAR
- Fresco Painting famous
- European Painting introduced
- Principle of foreshortening introduced. Important Painters: Dasawan, Basawan: he was known for his artistic longevity, calligraphic outlines, Sanwal Das, Tarachand, Jagannath Lal, Keshava, Harbans, Farrukh Beg, Khurashan Quli, and Jam-shed
Jahangir
- Portrait Painting
- Jahangir compiled Gulshan Album
- Painters: Mansoor: Title: Nadir ul Asr, famous for bird and animal painting Bishan: Portrait Painter Manohar, Tulsi: Mansoor, specialized in court scenes, Abdul Hassan (Herat) : Na-dir-us-Zaman was his title; created figure of St. John, Others are Aga Raza, Goverdhan and Daulat.
Shah Jahan
- Royal Glory by means of a mass humanity and huge armies.
- Important painters are Rai Anup, Anu Chitr, Muhammad Nadir Samarquandi, Murad, Mir Hasim, Muhammad Faquirullah and Kalyan Das.
- Father Jerome Xavier presented Jahangir with Iranian paintings Bichitr
Dara Shikoh
- Bird and Vegetal
- Kept personal album
Aurangzeb
- Declined
Calligraphy
- Muhammad Hussain
- Kashmiri - Zarin Qalan (Akbar)
- Mir Hashim - Shah Jahan
- Jawahar Raqam - Aurangzeb՚s court.
Decline of the Mughal
The Exploitative Revenue Policy
- the Jagirdari -Zamindari conflict;
- the stagnation of trade;
- industrial and scientific development the factionalism;
- the rotten bureaucratic superstructure;
- the scarcity of fresh Jagirs;
- less emphasis on consolidation, the trend for conspicuous consumption; the tradition of Escheat;
- greater emphasis on the subsistence oriented agriculture;
- the inherent contradictions of Jagirdari -Mansabdari systems;
- the indiscriminate recruitment of Mansabdars;
- the growing conservatism and fanaticism; the changing complexion of composite nobility; lack of secondary section manufacturing; absence of formal means of organization;
- the ruthless expansionism; the growing discrepancy between Jama and Hasil;
- the growing exploitation between of the peasantry;
- the subsequent revolts of Jats, Sikhs and Satnamis, all in a combined manner brought down one of the most durable empire.
- Mughals in the 17th century already showed the signs of decline.
- The desperate expansionism and reference of ‘Paibaqi’ aptly shows that the Mughals were facing financial crisis.
- The advent of the western powers, the discrimination of the modern technologies, the emergence of the Marathas and a feeling of regionalism coupled with obscurantist administrative and military institutions made a centralized state intractable.
- Aurangzeb exhausted his entire wherewithal and resources to quell the feeling of regionalism and to stop the process of decentralization.
- With his tremendous ability govern and administer, he managed to enact the Mughal Empire but his successors failed to shows their talents to deal with this cumulative decay.
- Consequently the Mughal empire dwindle and a number of independent states emerged in the 18th century.