Paradigm and Geographical Thoughts: Attributes of Paradigm
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Geographical Thought
- Interaction b/w philosophical viewpoint and methodological approach
- Philosophy – Samuel՚s Humanistic Geography, Peet՚s Radical geography
- Methodological – Hartshorne՚s Nature of Geography, James՚s All Possible Worlds
- Methodological – logical explanation, internally coherent
Paradigms
- Constellation of beliefs, values, techniques shared by community
- Kuhn – Structure of Scientific Revolutions – 1962 – 21 different ways
- Master man – 3 ways
- Metaphysical (global or gestalt view) – concerns, where to look and what to discover
- Sociological (concrete scientific achievement)
- Artefact or Construct (textbook or instrument) - problem solution paradigm - subject specific nature
- Disciplinary matrix for paradigms – common to practitioners as ordered set of elements required for individual specifications
- Kuhn՚s single or multiple paradigm was not clear
- Metaparadigm and Sociological are prior to theory
- Theories are not paradigm but one aspect of paradigms
Master Man՚s Paradigms
- Non-Paradigm – no paradigm & subject matter cannot be differentiated
- Multiple Paradigm – many paradigms compete – question the basic assumption of those who accept other paradigms (criticized as she regards them as stage in emergence of paradigmatic science)
- Dual Paradigm – led to emergence of single paradigm, 2 paradigms compete for control.
- Non-paradigm ⇾ dual paradigm ⇾ single paradigm
- It is impossible to be unidirectional formulation
- Move from pre-paradigmatic ⇾ multiple paradigmatic ⇾ single/dual paradigmatic
Attributes of Paradigm (Ritzer)
- Exemplar (fundamentals) – Durkheim՚s Rule of Sociological Method
- Image of Subject (subject matter) – Social Structure & institutions
- Theories – Structuralism – Functionalism
- Methods – Questionnaires
- Kuhn & Popper – nature of social relationships are actualized in real world
- Not just knowledge that causes changes – it is caused by revolution and linkage of events
- Paradigm A ⇾ normal science (accumulate knowledge) ⇾ anomalies ⇾ crisis (discontent) > revolution ⇾ paradigm B
Paradigm and Philosophy
- Personal attitude towards life , does not shrink with difficult problems
- Reflective thinking and logical inquiry
- Critical evaluation of facts
- Develop view about whole system
- Logical analysis of language and clarification of remaining words
- Philosophy – Comprehensive view, synthetic, synoptic, quality of nature , life as whole, combine and synthesis
- Science – analytic, analyze whole into elements
- Philosophy – speculative, descriptive, normative, analytical – evaluates what has been done and creates framework for research
- Set of philosophies with sufficient communality of focus and approach and group of practitioners many constitute paradigms – multi-faceted topics in research.
✍ Manishika