Vijayanagar, Bahami, Gujarat and Mughals - Babur and Humayun
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Vijayanagar
- Harihara and Bukka – 1336
- Italian traveller Nicolo Conti visited Vijayanagar in 1420
- After this dynasty ended, Krishna Deva Raya founded the Tuvalu dynasty
- 1565: Battle of Talikota (at Banihatta) aka Battle of Rakshasa Tangadi
- Vijayanagar vs Deccan Sultans
- Ended the Vijayanagar empire.
Bahami
- Alauddin Hasan – 1347 (aka Hasan Gangu)
- Bahmani ruler Firuz Shah married the daughter of Vijayanagar king Deva Rai I
- Firuz Shah Bahmani
- Wanted to make Deccan a cultural centre
- Inducted Hindus on a large scale
- Built an observatory near Daulatabad
- Mahmud Gawan was an important prime minister
Gujarat
- Ahmed Shah
- Imposed jizyah
- Mahmud Begarha
Mughals - Babur & Humayun
- Ibrahim Lodi succeeded Sikandar Lodi in 1517
- Daulat Khan Lodi and Rana Sanga invited Babur to displace Ibrahim Lodi in India
- 1526: Battle of Panipat
- Gunpowder was used in this battle
- 1527: Battle of Khanwa between Rana Sanga and Babur
- Humayun succeeded Babur in 1530
- He built a new city at Delhi: Dinpanah
- Built Purana Qila
- 1539: Battle of Chausa – Sher Shah def Humayun
- 1540: Battle of Kanauj – Sher Shah def Humayun
- 1555: Humayun recovered Delhi
- Died after falling from the first floor of his library
Sher Shah
- 1540: defeated Humayun at Kanauj
- 1544: Sher Shah vs Rajputs at the battle of Samel
- Abbas Khan Sarwani – historian of Sher Shah
- GT Road from Indus to Sonargaon in Bengal
- Built a road from Agra to Jodhpur and Chittor, from Lahore to Multan
- Built sarais
- Dictum of Shaikh Nazami: “If a merchant should die in your country it is a perfidy to lay hands on his property” . Local village headmen and zamindars were made responsible for any loss that the merchant suffered on the roads.
- Currency reforms; weights and measures
- Chehra and dagh system
- Tomb at Sasaram
- Malik Md Jaisi during his time
- Jizyah continued to be implemented.
- Sher Shah was succeeded by his son Islam Shah in 1545
Mughals
Akbar
- Born at Amarkot in 1542
- 1556: Second Battle of Panipat – vs Hemu
- Zabti system of land revenue assessment aka Todar Mal՚s bandobast
- Other land revenue systems: dahsala, batai, ghalla-bakhshi, nasaq
- Land
- Polaj – in cultivation every year
- Parati (fallow) – uncultivated polaj
- Chachar – fallow for two to three years
- Banjar – fallow for more than three years
- Mansabdari system – 1577
- 1576: Battle of Haldighati with Rana Pratap
- Birbal was killed in a battle with Afghans
Jahangir (1605 - 27)
Clash between Sikhs and Mughals began with the imprisonment and death of Guru Arjun by Jahangir on a charge of helping rebel prince, Khusrau
Aurganzeb
- Issued Zawabit: secular decrees
- Discontinued the Parsi festival Nauroz
- Discontinued Jharokha Darshan
- Reimposed Jizyah in 1679; suspended it in 1705
Deccan
- Ahmednagar was captured by the Mughals in 1600. Chand Bibi was defeated.
- Malik Amber of Berar was an obstacle. So was Ibrahim Adil Shah of Bijapur
- Ibrahim Adil Shah II
- Aka Abla Baba and Jagat Guru
- Book – Kitab-i-Nauras on Music
- New Capital: Nauraspur
- Gol Gumbaj – his mausoleum
- Ibrahim Rauza
- Golconda: Md Quli Qutub Shah
- Char Minar
Sikhs
- Guru Teg Bahadur was beheaded by Aurangzeb
- 1699: Khalsa was established by Guru Gobind Singh
Marathas
- 1665: Treaty of Purandar – between Shivaji and Jai Singh (on behalf of Aurangzeb)
- 1666: Shivaji escaped from Azeb՚s detention
- 1674: Shivaji crowned himself at Raigarh
- Assumed the title of ‘Haindava Dharmoddharak’
- Died in 1680.