CBSE NET December 2015 Psychology Paper 3 Answer Key and Explanations
The detailed answer key and explanation for CBSE NET December 2015 Psychology Paper 3 will be available at Youtube Examrace Channel. The complete answers and explanations for this paper along with past papers for CBSE NET are available at Doorsteptutor. com CBSE NET Psychology Answers with Explanations.
1. The factors that influence social behavior and thoughts in certain ways are called:
Independent variables
Confounding variables
Dependent variables
Mediating variables
2. Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below:
Assertion (A) : In pre - conventional stage children understand morality on social customs and values,
Reason (R) : In pre - conventional stages children make decisions based on will be rewarded or punished.
Codes:
Both (A) and (R) are true arid (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct exploration of (A)
(A) is true, but (R) is false
(A) is false, but (IR) is true
3. Research shows that the following does not contribute to teacher effectiveness
Communication skills
Use of ICT
Years of experience
Use of student feedback
4. Match List - I with List - II arid select the correct answer by choosing from codes given below:
List-I list-II
(a) Graphic rating scales (i) Evaluation method where emp1oy are ranked from best to worst
(b) Behaviorally anchored rating Scales (ii) Evaluator rates employees on classification of some qualities.
(c) Group order ranking (iii) Evaluator rates performance factors on an incremental basis.
(d) Individual ranking (iv) Evaluator rates actual job related behavior along a continuum.
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
5. Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below:
Assertion (A) : Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disorder of thought and is thus classified in the
schizophrenia spectrum In DSM-5.
Reason (R) : Evidence base show5 that a combination of Pharmacotherapy and
Psychotherapy yields good results in OCD therapy.
Codes:
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) is true but (R) is false
(A) is false but (R) i true
6. Phonemic restoration as we perceive speech in a noisy party is an example of:
Top down processing
Bottom up processing
Subliminal perception
Supraliminal perception
7. Feeing touchy or hypersensitive following an upsetting experience is a form of:
Imprinting
Habituation
Sensitization
Reflexive Behavior
8. Entry of information into long term memory depends upon
(a) Maintenance rehearsal
(b) Elaborative rehearsal
(c) Method of loci
(d) Primary memory
Codes:
(a) and (b)
(a) and (e)
(b) and (d)
(b) and (c)
9. Because it has the external features associated with the of dog, a wolf is perceived as a dog, This is an example of:
Centration
Equilibration
Object permanence
Prototype
10. Which of the following is the final destination for much of the brain՚s information about emotion before action is taken?
Amygdala
Anterior cingulate cortex
Pro-frontal cortex
Hypothalamus
11. Cattell Propounded gf-gc theory of intelligence mainly based on:
First order factors of abilities
Second order factors of abilities
Third order factors of abilities
Higher order factors of abilities
12. Which of the following are elements in Carl Rogers person centered theory of personality and Psychotherapy?
Ideal self
Congruence
Positive regard
dissonance
Codes
(a) , (b) and (c)
(b) , (c) and (d)
(a) , (c) and (d)
(a) . (b) and (d)
13. Which one of the following state is true?
The Global Five factors in personality refer to the second-order factors of 16 PF, latest edition.
The Global Five facto refer to the factors assessed by the Neo-Five Factor Inventory, latest edition.
The Global Five factors refer to the factors assessed by Goldberg՚s bipolar adjectives.
The Global Five factors are derived from Eysenck Personality Profiler, latest edition.
14. Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below:
Assertion (A) : Castration does not eliminate sexual behavior completely in mammals, including humans, of both sexes.
Reason (R) : Hormones do not play role in the regulation of sexual behavior.
Codes:
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) is true, but (R) is false
(A) is false, but (R) is true
15. Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using codes given below:
Assertion (A) Helpful individuals perceive the world as fair and predictable in which good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished.
Reason (R) : People believe in a just world.
Codes:
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) is true, but (R) is false
(A) is false, hut (R) is true
16. Which of the following statements best defines maturation?
It is directly based on social-cognitive learning
It is an automatic biological development of the body that naturally unfolds over time
It does not take place in human beings
It is the basis of all physical and psychological developments
17. Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using codes given below:
Assertion (A) : Leaders exert powerful effects on followers through the attributions followers make about them
Reason (R) : Leaders have self-confidence and environmental sensitivity.
Code:
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) is true, but (R) is false
(A) is false, but (R) is true
18. The following disorders are coded on Axis I of a five axis diagnosis:
V codes
Personality disorders
Clinical conditions
Intellectual deficit
Codes:
(a) and (c) only
(b) and (d) only
(a) and (d) only
(b) and (c) only
19. Four important elements in the theory of signal detection are:
errors, hits, speed and accuracy
speed, accuracy, power and false alarm
hit, miss, correct rejection arid false alarm
acuity, efficacy, speed and power
20. In Hullian System the term Hierarchy of Responses is used to depict:
If the first innate response pattern does not alleviate a need, another pattern will occur.
If the second innate response pattern does not reduce the need another pattern will occur.
If the third innate response pattern does not work, still another pattern will occur and so on. .
If none of the innate behavior pattern is effective in reducing the need, the organism will stop responding.
Codes:
(a) , (b) and (c)
(a) , (c) and (d)
(b) , (c) and (d)
(a) , (b) and (d)
21. Jia had written a list to do her week end work, but incidentally left it home while going out for her first activity. Trying to remember the list, Jia remembers what was at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. This is an example of:
Encoding specificity effect
Flash bulb memory
Serial position effect
Tip-of-the tongue effect
22. How does one choose the option with the highest expected utility while making rational decision making? Find the correct sequence:
Assigning utilities
Weighting⟋multiplying the utilities by the likelihoods
Evaluating the likelihood of alternatives A
Assessing the consequences
Codes:
(a) , (d) , (b) , (c)
(a) , (c) , (b) , (d)
(a) , (d) , (c) , (b)
(c) , (d) , (a) , (b)
23. Brief stress enhances the activity of 1une system as evidenced by the action of ________
Macrophages
T cells
B cells
All the above
24. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTcT) are mainly indexing:
Creative Products
Creative Processes
Creative Personality
Creative Persuasion
25. Personality assessments in forensic settings Use the following psychometric d behavioral measures:
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
Mi1o Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)
Continuous Performance Test (CPT)
Sixteen Persona1j Factors Test (16 PF)
Cods:
(a) and (b)
(c) and (d)
(a) , (b) and (c)
(b) , (c) and (d)
26. Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using codes given below:
Assertion (A) : Paired comparison method is not considered suitable for scaling large number of attitude scale statements
Reason R: For computing scale values, paired comparison method uses Thurston՚s Law of comparative judgment.
Codes:
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) is true, but (R) is false
(A) is false, but (R) is true
27. The following are found to be significant factors educational achievement:
teacher - student ratio
Medium of instruction
Rehearsal and practice
Environmental stimulation
Codes:
(a) and (b) only
(a) and (c) only
(a) , (c) and (d) only
(b) , (c) and (d) only
28. Which One of the Scaling method is more likely to yield multidimensional attitude Scale?
Guttmann Scalogram analysis
Paired comparison method
Equal appearing intervals method
Method of summated rating
29. When is aspiration a method of Choice to make a lesion?
in a deeper brain area
in an area of cerebral cortex
an irreversible lesion
in Underlying White matter
30. Trace e sequence of events turning default female sex of the fetus into male:
SRY gene produces Sry protein
Presence of Y chromosome
Testosterone masculinize Wolffian duct into seminal vesicles
Primitive gonad develop into testes
Mullerian inhibiting hormone defeminizes the fetus
Codes:
(a) , (d) , (e) , (c)
(b) , (d) , (e) , (a) , (c)
(b) , (d) , (a) , (e) , (c)
(d) , (b) , (a) , (c) , (e)
31. A Psychologist was administering a projective test which involved a word association task. She tended to nod and Se every time a plural word was given by the respondent. The following testing bias was seen:
Favoritism
Test wiseness
Selective reinforcement
Gender of assessor
32. Match List - I and List - II and select the correct answer by choosing from codes given below:
List - I List - II
(Measure of Personality Assessment) (Scoring element)
MMPI (i) V, X, Y, Z scales
MCMI (ii) Needs and presses
TAT (iii) Popular
Rorschach Inkblots (iv) L, F, IC scales
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
(j) (iii) (iv) (ii)
(iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
33. Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using codes given below:
Assertion (A) : gf and gc correlate Positively with each other with moderate magnitude,
Reason (R) : Cattell used second - order factor solutions for the identification of gf andgc were oblique.
Code:
Both (A) and (R) are e, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) is true, but (R) is false
(A) is false, but (R) is true
34. The underlying motivation for acts of aggression is ________
Intent to harm
Anger
Retaliation
Need to exert control
35. Which of the following is a characteristic of Chomsky՚s theory?
Development of language is between three and five years of age
Language development is dependent on the reinforcements received by the child
Children acquire mistakes in language by observing their parents and others around them
Children have an innate mental grammar
36. Match List -J with List - II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below:
List-I List-II
(a) Physical trauma (i) the cognitive and emotional upheaval that follows a highly distressing life.
(b) Psychological trauma (ii) Most of us remember nothing before the age of about 3 to
4 years.
(c) Infantile amnesia (iii) It may cause permanent amnesia if particular areas of the brain are damaged.
(d) Repression (iv) Distressing mental Content is transferred from the conscious to the Unconscious level of awareness.
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) .
(ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
37. Match the item of List - I with items of List - II and select the correct answer from the answers given in Codes:
List -I List -II
(Concept) (Theorists)
(a) Vicarious Trial an Error (i) Skinner
(b) Hypothetical Deduction (ii) Toleman
(e) Cumulative recording (iii) Hull
(d) Reciprocal Determination (iv) bandura
Codes:
(a) (b) (e) (d)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(i) (iii) (iv) (ii)
(ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
(iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
38. The Centre - surround organization of ganglion cells that enhance Contrast at edges in a visual environment is well illustrated by:
Craik bands
Mach bands
Luminance bands
optic bands
40. The growth needs of ERG theory are represented by various needs in Maslow՚s model:
Physiological and social needs
Safety needs d esteem needs
Social needs and esteem needs
Esteem needs and self-actualization needs
41. In Bloom՚s taxonomy of educational objectives, the following appear in ascending order:
Remember ⇾ Understand ⇾ Apply ⇾ Analyze
Apply ⇾ Analyze ⇾ Understand ⇾ Remember
Understand ⇾ Apply ⇾ Remember ⇾ Analyze
Analyze - Remember ⇾ Apply ⇾ Understand
42. Failure to develop Consistent identity results in
Inferiority
Role confusion
Stagnation
Social isolation
43. Helpers respond to the needs of a Victim because they want to accomplish something rewarding this may be referred as:
Negative state - relief model
Empathic - joy hypothesis
Empathy - altruism hypothesis
Pluralistic empathy
44. The Philosophy of Advaita Vedanta in respect of shaping beliefs does not distinguish between:
Self and non - self
Human and nature
Human and Society
Codes:
(a) and (b)
(a) and (c)
(b) and (c)
(a) , (b) and (c)
45. Which is the correct order of the emergence of following Psycho-social Strengths?
Love, Fidelity, Wisdom, Care
Care, Fidelity, Love, Wisdom
Fidelity, Love, Care, Wisdom
Care, Fidelity, Wisdom Love
46. From the following list of tools used by the career guidance, choose the odd one out:
DAT
GATB
DBDA
SVIB
47. Job design comprises of different aspects
Job enlargement
Job enrichment
Job rotation
Codes:
(a) and (b)
(a) and (c)
(b) and (c)
(a) , (b) and (c)
48. The following are disorders that are included in the anxiety disorders spectrum:
Panic disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder
PTSD
Fugue
Codes:
(a) and (b) only
(a) and (c) Only
(a) , (b) and (d)
(a) , (b) and (d)
49. Detecting movement in spite of camouflage is easier for people who are:
field dependent
field independent
both field dependent and field independent
neither field dependent nor field independent
50. Read the following statement and decides:
“If a rat that had previously learned to averse a maze or a runway to obtain food is placed directly into a non - empty goal box, it will stop traversing the maze or runway on Subsequent trials” What it exemplifies?
Latent Learning
Place Learning
Response Extinction
Latent Extinction
51. Match List - 1 with List - II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below:
List-I List-II
(a) Encoding Failure (i) Information that not accessed evades from the Storage Over a time
(b) Proactive interference (ii) Inforrtj0 is not attended to encoding
(c) Decay (iii) newer information with the retrieval of
Older information
(d) Retroactive interference (iv) Older information already in memory interferes with the learning of new information
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(i) (in) (iv) (ii)
(i) (iii) (iv) (i)
(ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
52. Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using codes given below:
Assertion (A) : Language affects our thought process
Reason (R) : Language affects our ability to store information
Codes:
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explaj0 of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) is true, but (R) is false
(A) is false, but (R) is true
53. Trace the right sequence of hypothetical series of events by McClelland in the context of n-Ach:
n - Ach in children
Independence training by Parents
Economic development
Self-reliance values
Codes:
(a) , (b) , (d) , (c)
(d) , (b) , (a) , (c)
(a) (d) , (b) , (c)
(d) , (b) , (c) , (a)
54. Match the items of List - I with the items of List - II and select the correct answer from answer codes given below:
List-I List-II
(Concept) (Description)
Little - C (i) Everyday creativity
Big - C (ii) Creativity in Eminents
Pro - C (iii) Creativity in a chosen profession
Mini - C (iv) Personal creativity
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
(iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
55. Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below:
Assertion (A) : Projective techniques are difficult to standardize and norm.
Reason (R) : Projective techniques are not timed tests.
Codes:
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) is true, but (R) is false
(A) is false, but (R) is true
56. A 19 year old boy was administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children by the clerical staff of a busy Psychologist who later wrote the test report. A Xerox copy of the test material was shared with the child՚s parents to ensure that he performs well. The following ethical principles of testing were violated.
Use of appropriate test
Professional qualification of tester
Copyright
Culture fair testing
Codes:
(1) (a) and (c) only
(2) (b) and (c) only
(3) (a) , (b) and (c) Only
(4) All of the above
57. Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below:
List-I List-II
(Sleep Phenomenon) (EEG display)
Stage - 1 sleep (i) Single large -ve wave followed by large + ve wave
Stage -3 sleeps (ii) Low voltage high frequency EEC signal
Sleep spindle (iii) Occasional presence of delta waves
K - complex (iv) Waxing and Wang burst of 12 - 14 Hz wave
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
(2) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
58. Emergent stage - 1 sleep is characterized by:
Sleep - spindle
Electrographic changes
electro-oculographic changes
K - complex
Codes: 7
(a) and (b)
(a) and (d)
(a) , (c) and (d)
(b) , (c) and (d)
59.5e j conceptualized in Western and Eastern perspectives on Personality, respectively, as:
Free and deterministic
Instinctive and learned
Ideal and real
Independent and interdependent
60. Match the items of List - I and List - II and select the correct answer from the answers given below:
List - I List - II
(Scholars) (Concepts)
(a) Cattell (i) Assortative Mating
(b) Jensen (ii) Investment Hypothesis
(c) Sternberg (iii) Wisdom
(d) Spearman (iv) Positive Manifold
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
(iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
61. Match the items of List - I and List - II and select the correct answer from the answers given below:
List-I List - II
(Tools⟋Theory) (Features)
Kelley՚s Personal Construct 1heory (i) 11 categories of scoring TAT
Murray՚s TAT (ii) 6 subcategories of needs and goals
McClelland and Atkinson՚s measure of n-Ach (iii) 20 needs
Rotter՚s scale (iv) One postulate and ti corollaries
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
62. Match List - 1 with List - II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below:
List-I List - II
(Concept) (Description)
Phonemes (i) Smallest meaningful combination of sounds
Syntax (ii) Effective and appropriate use of language in social context
Morphemes (iii) Basic sound of consonants and vowels
Pragma tics (iv) Combination of words to make meaningful phrases and sentences
Code:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
63. Read each of the following two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and indicate your answer using codes given below:
Assertion (A) : The forgetting of a memory is caused by the disappearance of its engram over a period of time.
Reason (R) : Once the engram has disappeared, the memory no longer exists anywhere in the memory system.
Code:
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) is true, but (R) is false
(A) is false, but (R) is true
64. Which is the correct sequence of Reinforcement schedules interims of their effectiveness in response rate and resistance to extinction during learning experiments?
Variable Ratio ⇾ Fixed Ratio ⇾ Variable Interval ⇾ Fixed Interval ⇾ Continuous
Reinforcement schedule
Fixed Ratio - Variable Ratio ⇾ Fixed Interval - Variable Interval ⇾ Continuous
Reinforcement schedule
Continuous Reinforcement schedule ⇾ Variable Ratio ⇾ Fixed Ratio ⇾ Variable Interval
Fixed Interval
Variable Ratio ⇾ Variable Interval ⇾ Fixed Ratio ⇾ Fixed Interval ⇾ Continuous
Reinforcement schedule
65. When a Background Interference Procedure was used experimentally, the following findings became apparent?
Field independent persons did better than field dependent persons
Field dependent persons did better than field independent persons
Both field dependent and field independent persons did equally well
BIP enhanced the performance of all subjects
66. People with moderate mental retardation would have an IQ in the range of:
10 to 19
35 to 54
55 to 70
20 to 34
67. The following is not typically found in a school guidance counsellor՚s office:
Sand pit
Lie detector
Psychometric tests
Puppets and play dough
68. The following social factors play a role in educational settings:
Co-operation
Competition
Peer influence
Role modelling
Codes:
(a) and (b) only
(b) and (c) only
(c) and (d) only
All the above
69. According to Piaget the children are able to grasp the concept of object permanence arid
Conservation in:
Sensory motor stage
Pre-operational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operations stage
70. Match List - 1 with List - LI, and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below:
List- I List- II
(a) Symbolic social influence (i) a form of social influence in which one person orders to perform some action
(b) Normative social influence (ii) Social influence based on the desire to be correct
(c) Informational social influence (iii) Social influence based on the desire to be liked
(d) Obedience (iv) Social influence resulting from the mental representation of others or our relationship
Codes:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(ii) (iii) (iv) (j)
(iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
Instructions for Q. Nos. 71 to 75.
Read the following paragraph arid answer the five questions which follow:
Paragraph: Experimental personality research was extremely popular after 1950 for about three to four decades. In experimental personality research, one of the major focuses is to study how the effect of experimentally manipulated independent variable is moderated by personality variable⟋s. In one of such study, the researcher wanted to study whether the effect of interpolated learning (A) is moderated by Anxiety (B) . The researcher hypothesized that the interpolated learning would adversely affect the recall of original learning, more in high anxious subjects than low anxious subjects. Using a standardized Anxiety scale, from an initial pool of two hundred subjects, fifty high and fifty low anxious subjects were obtained.
Both, high as well as low anxious groups were further divided into two groups-Experimental group and Control group. The experimental groups first learned List A of CVC trigrams then learned another List - List B of CVC trigrams with similar association values, and then tested for Recall (A) . The subjects in control groups learned List then they received the cancellation task for the specific period (equal to the average time, taken by the corresponding experimental group to learn List B) . The subjects were then tested for the Recall of (A) . GroupWise means and standard deviations for recall scores were obtained.
The standard deviations were found comparable across the groups. Treating recall
Scores as the dependent variable, the appropriate ANOVA was carried out. The main effect of A was found significant at 0.05 levels. Similarly, the F-ratio, defined as MSA > c B MSE was found statistically significant at 0.01 level.
71. Which one of the following design is used in the above research?
Multigroup design with single LV.
2 × 2 factorial design
2 × 2 mixed factorial design
Repeated measures design
72. Which one of the following statement is true in the context of above study?
The assumption of homogeneity of variance was satisfied.
The assumption of homogeneity of variance was not satisfied.
The correction for heterogeneity of variance was required.
The data are insufficient to evaluate the assumption of homogeneity of variance.
73. On the basis of the information provided about the main effect of A, it can be concluded that:
Interpolated learning had no effect on the recall of A.
Interpolated learning caused retroactive interference.
Interpolated learning caused retroactive facilitation.
Either retroactive interference or retroactive facilitation has occurred.
74. What would be the degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator of the F - ratio defined as MSA x E⟋MSE?
1 and 96 respectively
1 and 98 respectively
2 and 97 respectively
3 and % respectively
75. Which of the following conclusion⟋s can be drawn about the researcher՚s hypothesis?
Researcher՚s hypothesis has been verified.
Researcher՚s hypothesis has not been verified.
Full data have not been presented which is necessary to evaluate the researcher՚s hypothesis.
Anxiety moderated the effect of interpolated learning.
Codes:
(a) only
(a) and (d) only
(c) and (d) only
(b) and (d) only
✍Examrace Team at Aug 21, 2021