CSIR NET JRF: Revision Terminology Part 21
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Man – 23 pair chromosome – 22 pair = autosomes.
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Man – 23 pair chromosome – 1 pair = sex / all some / heterosome (Me. Clung)
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In some extra chromosome are found in addition to present No = supernumerary / accessory/ B – Chromosome
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Lamp brush chromosome – Oocytes – flemming, prolonged diplotene stage of prophase I
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Lamp brush chromosome – axis
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Lamp brush chromosome – chromo mere – tightly coiled
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Lamp brush chromosome – loops – rich in DNA, RNA & protein, lateral
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Chromomere – coiled, beaded (of polytene respiratory for banding pattern)
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Chromocenter – heterochromatic regions near centromere (in polytene they appear as attached together)
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Knobs – Spherical heterochromatin, which may reach size of chromosome itself.
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Cycas – stem unbranched, male gamete (motile) two cotyledons, pinnately compound leaf, manoxylic wood, megasporophyll loosely arranged, palm like, simple polyembrony.
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Pinus – Branched more cotyledons, simple leaf, pycnoxylic wood, tail woody perennial dimorphic branches, foliage leaf – like needle, cleavage polyembroyony, male – non motile.
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Gymnosperm – naked seed plant, overliferous scales arranged in cones.
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Gymnosperm xylem vessels absent (most common)
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Gymnosperm phloem lacks Companion cells
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Leaf – sunken stomata, thick cuticle
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Lateral translocation of food by transfusion tissues
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Mega & microsporophyll in cones / strobili
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Megasporophyll –> orthotropous unitegmic –> female
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Microsporophyll –> eusporangiate –> male –> non motile
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Cones / strobili –> monosprorangiate (unisereal)
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Archegonium (single egg & 1 venter canal cell – neck canal are absent)
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Pollination by wind, siphonoganic fertilization, development – meroblastic, endosperm – haploid
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Araucania – thrive at low elevation & warm climates
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Ephedra – only scaly leave pr. (bisporangiate cones)
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Conifers – largest, heaviest & longest lived organism in world
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Embryo = endoscopic – polyembrony
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Ginkgo biloba – living fossil
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Cycas – sago palm, tropical, unbranched stem, endodermis & pericycle are single layered radial V.B, adventitious roots which are dichotomous branch stem= caudex
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Cycas beddomei = trimala hills of Andhra Pradesh
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Stem Cycas revolute – Japanese – ornamental
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Cells with sphaeraphides in cortere
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VB = collateral, endarch, open, eustele,
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Xylem of tracheid & phloem of sieve tubes.
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Vascular Bundle concentric rings due to vascular cambium rings
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Soft wood = manoxylic wood.
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Absence of lateral veins, presence of transfusion tissue
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metamorphosed leaflets.
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Epidermis = cuticle
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Hypodermis dioeciously = sclerenchyma, Vascular Bundle = inverted omega shaped – diplonelic
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Mesophyll = palisade + spongy
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Single layered tapetum – nourishment
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Male => microsporophyll, central axis, spirally + axis
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4 microsporophyll arranged tetrahedrally
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Mature pollen grain has a depression colpus on one side & pollen grains appear boat shaped.
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Ovules mature in archegonia chamber opposite to pollen chamber.
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Cycas – biggest antherozoid & biggest ovule
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Fertilization = siphonogamous – Zooidogamy.
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Generative cell – stalk cell.
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Generative cell – Body cell – 2 spernatozoids (antherozoids) – top shaped, multicalited
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Megaspore = first cell of female gametophyte.
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Embryo – upper – Neustria
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Embryo – middle – suspensor
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Embryo – lower – embryonal
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Nucellus –> Perisperem
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Integument -> seed coat
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Female gametophyte –> endosperm
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Zygote –> embryo
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Ovule –> seed
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Cellularization is centripetal
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PINUS – female prothallus = endosperms
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PINUS – sporophyte dominant on gametophyte
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Seed = adaxial + endospermic
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Male cone – Cluster behind apical bud at base of new shoot
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Female cone – in axil leaf of top
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Pollen grain –> male prothallus -> antheridia cell -> generative + tube cell
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Megasporophyll -> lower bract
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Megasporophyll -> upper ovuliferous
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Female gametophyte – a solid mass of tissue within nacelles endosperm.
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Function of CoA is to activate acetyl group. (by higher energy sculpture bond)
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Glycolysis – only glyceraldehyde 3-p under goes further
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Glycolysis inhibited when ATP in sufficient amount – act as allosteric inhibitor of enzyme phosphor – fructokinase.
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Multieng complex – matrix of mitochondria
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Eng actinose has fe -> center