Green Propellants and Upgrade to Large Hadron Collider – CERN
Green Propellants
- Getting developed by ISRO.
- Use in future rocket & satellite propulsion systems.
- An eco-friendly solid propellant.
- To eliminate the emission of chlorinated exhaust products from rocket.
- Propellants are based on Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP) as fuel and Ammonium Di-Nitramide (ADN) as oxidizer.
- ISRO Demonstrations- Projects involving green propellant combinations such as Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) , Kerosene, Liquid Oxygen (LOX) , Liquid Methane etc.
- Development of ISROSENE- a rocket grade version of kerosene as an alternative to conventional hydrazine rocket fuel.
- In cryogenic upper stage of GSLV MK-III, Liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen combination has been used.
Upgrade to Large Hadron Collider - CERN
CERN is a European Organization for Nuclear Research. Findings- Higgs boson decays to fundamental particles known as bottom quarks. Testing and Understanding- Require an upgradation to the Large Hadron Collider.
Particle Study
- To understand the fundamental constituents of matter.
- Particles are embedded in what are known as the four fundamental interactions.
- A unified approach known as the Standard Model (SM) has been used to describe the particles along with the interactions of the other three.
- World՚s largest and most powerful particle accelerator- The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) .
CERN՚s Proposal
- Discovery of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) .
- Study of collisions of particles at different energies for detecting the Higgs boson.
- Lasts only for one zeptosecond which is 0.000000000000000000001 seconds.
- Massive upgrade to the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) .
- Completion by 2026.
Upgradation
- It will increase the rate of collisions.
- Scope for studying the properties of newly discovered particle.
- Probability of most rare events will also increase.
- Large Hadron Collider (LHC) provides collisions at unprecedented energies.
- LHC beam- About 2,800 bunches, each of which contains about 115 billion protons.
- Number of Higgs bosons produced in one year may be about 5 times the number produced at present.
- Recording about 25 times more data in the same period as for LHC running.
- Strong magnetic fields of special kinds are to be used.
- Formation using quadrupole magnets.
- Installation of new equipment over 1.2 km of the 27-km LHC ring.
- An accelerator chain is used that provides protons to the LHC.
- To increase the effective area of overlap a slight tilt is being produced in the bunches just before the collisions.
✍Examrace Team at Aug 20, 2021