This is image show in Golabal & Local ecosystem service city
Wetland - distinct ecosystem that is inundated by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the Convention was signed in 1971.
At the centre of the Ramsar philosophy is the wise use of wetlands. When they accede to the Convention, Contracting Parties commit to work towards the wise use of all the wetlands and water resources in their territory, through national plans, policies and legislation, management actions and public education.
In 1990 the Contracting Parties adopted Guidelines for the implementation of the wise use concept. The Guidelines emphasized the importance of:
adopting national wetland policies, either separately or as a component of wider initiatives such as national environmental action plans;
developing programs covering wetland inventory, monitoring, research, training, education and public awareness;
developing integrated management plans at wetland sites.
A definition of “wise use” was first adopted by Contracting Parties at COP3 in 1987.
Under the framework, “wise use” equates to the maintenance of ecosystem benefits⟋services to ensure long term maintenance of biodiversity as well as human well-being and poverty alleviation
There are currently over 2,200 Ramsar Sites around the world. They cover over 2.1 million square kilometres, an area larger than Mexico.
The world՚s first Site was the Cobourg Peninsula in Australia, designated in 1974.
The largest Sites are Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Queen Maud Gulf in Canada; these Sites each cover over 60,000 square kilometres.
India Examples - Nalsarovar (Gujarat) and Chilika Lake (Odisha)
Q 8. Sikkim is the first Organic State in India. What are the ecological and economical benefits of Organic State?
Refer -
The evidence is clear about the success of organic farming in terms of human health, prosperity, the benefits to soil and water, to birds and bees, and the ability of organic farming to mitigate damage from global climate change.
Environmental Benefits
Sustainability
Soil
Water
Air
Biodiversity
GM organisms
Ecological Services
Reduce pesticides
Healthy soil
Combat erosion
Fight global warming
Support water conservation
Discourage algal blooms
Economic Benefits
Improve ground cover
Reduce runoff
Borrow less money for fertilizers and pesticides
Tax benefit by government
Q 9. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China՚s larger One Belt One Road initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.
CPEC is intended to rapidly modernize Pakistani infrastructure and strengthen its economy by the construction of modern transportation networks, numerous energy projects, and special economic zones
To enhance the benefits of their common border, the two sides in 1982 accomplished the legendary Karakorum Highway (KKH) , linking China՚s Kashgar to Pakistan՚s Islamabad, through the Khunjerab Pass. Throughout the 2000s, the highway was stretched and modernized to make it functioning for all kinds of traffic, year round. An internal network of roads connects KKH with Pakistan՚s Gwadar and Karachi ports in the south of the country
China՚s biggest foreign direct investment deal to invest in Pakistan
Pakistan has signed a currency swap with china in 2014 year, which marks Pakistan the first South Asian nation to sign such type of agreement with China. China is the second largest trade partner of Pakistan and biggest investor in infrastructure, telecommunications, ports, energy sectors. Furthermore, Chinese government and private companies from China have guaranteed to spend US $ 20 billion in the energy sector and massive amount of above $ 30 billion in other sectors as a foreign direct investment in Pakistan, which will be supportive for promoting mutual trade between the two countries
A system of monitoring and surveillance will be built in cities from Peshawar to Karachi with 24-hour video recording on roads and busy marketplaces for law and order.
Besides, as the per master plan, a national fibre-optic backbone will be built for Pakistan not only for internet traffic, but also terrestrial distribution of broadcast TV, which will cooperate with Chinese media in the “dissemination of Chinese culture”
Q 10. Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India՚s approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE.
States of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala are considered LWE affected
Empower security force
Good governance
Socio-economic development
Public perception management
approving umbrella scheme for modernization of police force; formulation of special forces - Black Panthers (Chhattisgarh) and Bastariya Batallion (by CRPF) ; SAMADHAN Doctrine
According to some figures released by Ministry of Home Affairs the number of districts affected with Naxal violence have come down from 106 to 90, across 11 states.
skill development schemes like ROSHNI will enable the youth from LWE areas to channelize their energies in right direction and be saved from radicalization by Naxalites.
setting up 4,072 mobile towers to improvise telecom connectivity network in LWE areas
Choo Lo Asmaan a good governance initiative in the field of education by the district collector of Dantewada is one of the most notable example in this regard. ▪ Election awareness campaigns and peaceful conduction of elections is another good governance
Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS) to construct fortified police stations.
2016՚s demonetization drive also affected the LWE-funding.
Central Government closely monitors the situation and supplements and coordinates their efforts in several ways. These include providing the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) ; sanction of India Reserve (IR) battalions, setting up of Counter Insurgency and Anti Terrorism (CIAT) schools; modernisation and upgradation of the State Police and their Intelligence apparatus; reimbursement of security related expenditure under the Security-related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme; providing helicopters for anti-LWE operations, assistance in training of State Police through the Ministry of Defence, the Central Police Organisations and the Bureau of Police Research and Development; sharing of Intelligence; facilitating inter-State coordination; assistance in community policing and civic action programmes etc.