अनुसंधान विधियों के 14 प्रकार (14 Types of Research Methods) for Competitive Exams for Competitive Exams

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Basic Versus Applied (बेसिक बनाम एप्लाइड)

• Fundamental or Basic or Pure – New knowledge – why, what & how – advancement of theory – single discipline – in technical language
• Applied – solve specific problem – solve immediate problem for betterment – in common language

Fixed Versus Flexible

• Fixed Research – design is fixed, theory driven, measured quantitatively
• Flexible Research – more freedom for data collection, qualitative

Quantitative vs. Qualitative (मात्रात्मक बनाम गुणात्मक)

• Quantitative – Collection & analysis of data – from questionnaire, survey (assume world to be stable so can be measured) – deductive (logic) निगमनात्मक
• Qualitative – Non-numeric – like observation, interview (since perspective of people differs) – narrative description and field focused – inductive (empirical) आगमनात्मक

Experimental vs. Non-Experimental

• Experimental - Cause effect relationship, control gp & experimental gp (can include pilot study) , manipulate IV, effect of changing IV on DV, starts with hypothesis, control of extraneous variable is important, Control experiment – physical, selective, statistical
• Non-experimental – Uses theories & reasoning, has wide scope
  • Exploratory (खोजपूर्ण)
  • Descriptive (वर्णनात्मक)
  • Historical (ऐतिहासिक)

Exploratory vs. Confirmatory Research (खोजपूर्ण बनाम स्थायीकरण रिसर्च)

• Exploratory – explore possibility of doing research where due to paucity of knowledge, hypothesis testing is difficult (e. g. , vendor may explore possible sales areas) – has higher level of uncertainty & ignorance of subject, easier to make new discoveries – less stringent – case study, ethnography, projective techniques
• Exploratory research generates a posteriori hypotheses by examining a data-set and looking for potential relations between variables.
• Confirmatory research tests a priori hypotheses - outcome predictions that are made before the measurement phase begins. Are usually derived from a theory or the results of previous studies.

Explanatory or Casual Research (स्पष्टीकरण या कारण शोध)

• Explains cause effect relationship
• Idea is to understand does a change in X cause a change in Y?
• It can employ statistical method or experimental method
• It is a conclusive research – determine relation between causal variable and effect predicted

Descriptive Research (वर्णनात्मक अनुसंधान)

• Only why and what – not deals with “how” (what are benefits of multimedia textbooks as compared to print textbooks)
• More structured than exploratory
• Static – single phenomena – public opinion
• Dynamic - cross sectional or longitudinal
• Includes
  • Survey studies – assess characteristics of whole population
  • Interrelationship studies – relationship among data (case studies, casual comparative, correlational)
  • Developmental studies – changes as function of time (growth, trend, model development)

Historical Research (ऐतिहासिक अनुसंधान)

• Examine past events
• Qualitative
• Primary source – relic, remain, artifacts
• Secondary source – textbook, newspaper, periodicals
• Criticism – external (genuineness of source) and internal (based on accuracy and competence of writer)

Ex-Post Facto or Casual - Comparative Research

• Quasi-experimental – participants are not randomly assigned – 2 gp. with different IV and compare them on DV
• IV (cause) prior to study affects DV (effect)
• Studies what researcher cannot alter (can՚t make a person overweight for studying its effect on behavior)
• Tsunami hit area

Correlational Research (सहसंबंधी अनुसंधान)

• Degree of relationship b/w variables
• It is quantitative
• Range -1 to 0 to + 1

Evaluation Research (मूल्यांकन अनुसंधान)

• Determines impact of social intervention (impact of program on certain social problem)
• Strategies
• Scientific-experimental model – accuracy and objectivity
• Management oriented - PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) , and CPM (Critical Path Method)
• Qualitative Anthropological model – importance of observation
• Participant-oriented – client-centered and stakeholder approach

Formative vs. Summative Evaluation

• Formative – improve object being evaluated
  • Need assessment – who needs and how great the need is
  • Evaluative assessment – evaluation is feasible
  • Structured conceptualization
  • Implementation - transparency
  • Process
• Summative Evaluation – examine effect or outcome
  • Outcome
  • Impact – broader than outcome (includes intended and unintended effects)
  • Cost-effectiveness
  • Secondary analysis – reexamine data to address new questions
  • Meta-analysis – integrate outcome from multiple studies

Diagnostic Research (नैदानिक अनुसंधान)

• Find the cause
• Emergence of problem ⇾ diagnosis and solution

Prognostic Research (पूर्वज्ञान संबंधी अनुसंधान)

• Find relation b/w predictor and outcome
• Find course of action
• Early detection

Action Research (क्रिया शोध)

• Solve immediate problem, carried by actors (main people)
• Led by team – participatory or practical
• Might include observation, interview, field note, survey or questionnaire
• Individual – one person
• Collaborative – 2 or more
• School-wide – entire system

Types of Research Problems Addressed

• Exploratory (खोजपूर्ण) questions -What is the case? , What are the key factors?
• Descriptive (वर्णनात्मक) questions - How many? , What is the incidence of x? , Are x and y related?
• Causal questions (कारण) - Why? , What are the causes of y?
• Evaluative (मूल्यांकन) questions - What was the outcome of x? , Has P been successful?
• Predictive (पूर्वानुमान) questions - What will the effect of x be on y?

Historical (ऐतिहासिक) questions - What led to y happening? , What were the events that led up to y? , What caused y?