अनुसंधान विधियों के 14 प्रकार (14 Types of Research Methods) for Competitive Exams

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Basic Versus Applied (बेसिक बनाम एप्लाइड)

• Fundamental or Basic or Pure – New knowledge – why, what & how – advancement of theory – single discipline – in technical language

• Applied – solve specific problem – solve immediate problem for betterment – in common language

Fixed Versus Flexible

• Fixed Research – design is fixed, theory driven, measured quantitatively

• Flexible Research – more freedom for data collection, qualitative

Quantitative vs. Qualitative (मात्रात्मक बनाम गुणात्मक)

• Quantitative – Collection & analysis of data – from questionnaire, survey (assume world to be stable so can be measured) – deductive (logic) निगमनात्मक

• Qualitative – Non-numeric – like observation, interview (since perspective of people differs) – narrative description and field focused – inductive (empirical) आगमनात्मक

Experimental vs. Non-Experimental

• Experimental - Cause effect relationship, control gp & experimental gp (can include pilot study), manipulate IV, effect of changing IV on DV, starts with hypothesis, control of extraneous variable is important, Control experiment – physical, selective, statistical

• Non-experimental – Uses theories & reasoning, has wide scope

  • Exploratory (खोजपूर्ण)

  • Descriptive (वर्णनात्मक)

  • Historical (ऐतिहासिक)

Exploratory vs. Confirmatory Research (खोजपूर्ण बनाम स्थायीकरण रिसर्च)

• Exploratory – explore possibility of doing research where due to paucity of knowledge, hypothesis testing is difficult (e.g., vendor may explore possible sales areas) – has higher level of uncertainty & ignorance of subject, easier to make new discoveries – less stringent – case study, ethnography, projective techniques

• Exploratory research generates a posteriori hypotheses by examining a data-set and looking for potential relations between variables.

• Confirmatory research tests a priori hypotheses - outcome predictions that are made before the measurement phase begins. Are usually derived from a theory or the results of previous studies.

Explanatory or Casual Research (स्पष्टीकरण या कारण शोध)

• Explains cause effect relationship

• Idea is to understand does a change in X cause a change in Y?

• It can employ statistical method or experimental method

• It is a conclusive research – determine relation between causal variable and effect predicted

Descriptive Research (वर्णनात्मक अनुसंधान)

• Only why and what – not deals with “how” (what are benefits of multimedia textbooks as compared to print textbooks)

• More structured than exploratory

• Static – single phenomena – public opinion

• Dynamic - cross sectional or longitudinal

• Includes

  • Survey studies – assess characteristics of whole population

  • Interrelationship studies – relationship among data (case studies, casual comparative, correlational)

  • Developmental studies – changes as function of time (growth, trend, model development)

Historical Research (ऐतिहासिक अनुसंधान)

• Examine past events

• Qualitative

• Primary source – relic, remain, artifacts

• Secondary source – textbook, newspaper, periodicals

• Criticism – external (genuineness of source) and internal (based on accuracy and competence of writer)

Ex-Post Facto or Casual - Comparative Research

• Quasi-experimental – participants are not randomly assigned – 2 gp. with different IV and compare them on DV

• IV (cause) prior to study affects DV (effect)

• Studies what researcher cannot alter (can’t make a person overweight for studying its effect on behavior)

• Tsunami hit area

Correlational Research (सहसंबंधी अनुसंधान)

• Degree of relationship b/w variables

• It is quantitative

• Range -1 to 0 to +1

Evaluation Research (मूल्यांकन अनुसंधान)

• Determines impact of social intervention (impact of program on certain social problem)

• Strategies

• Scientific-experimental model – accuracy and objectivity

• Management oriented - PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), and CPM (Critical Path Method)

• Qualitative Anthropological model – importance of observation

• Participant-oriented – client-centered and stakeholder approach

Formative vs. Summative Evaluation

• Formative – improve object being evaluated

  • Need assessment – who needs and how great the need is

  • Evaluative assessment – evaluation is feasible

  • Structured conceptualization

  • Implementation - transparency

  • Process

• Summative Evaluation – examine effect or outcome

  • Outcome

  • Impact – broader than outcome (includes intended and unintended effects)

  • Cost-effectiveness

  • Secondary analysis – reexamine data to address new questions

  • Meta-analysis – integrate outcome from multiple studies

Diagnostic Research (नैदानिक अनुसंधान)

• Find the cause

• Emergence of problem -> diagnosis and solution

Prognostic Research (पूर्वज्ञान संबंधी अनुसंधान)

• Find relation b/w predictor and outcome

• Find course of action

• Early detection

Action Research (क्रिया शोध)

• Solve immediate problem, carried by actors (main people)

• Led by team – participatory or practical

• Might include observation, interview, field note, survey or questionnaire

• Individual – one person

• Collaborative – 2 or more

• School-wide – entire system

Types of Research Problems Addressed

• Exploratory (खोजपूर्ण) questions -What is the case? , What are the key factors?

• Descriptive (वर्णनात्मक) questions - How many?, What is the incidence of x?, Are x and y related?

• Causal questions (कारण) - Why?, What are the causes of y?

• Evaluative (मूल्यांकन) questions - What was the outcome of x?, Has P been successful?

• Predictive (पूर्वानुमान) questions - What will the effect of x be on y?

Historical (ऐतिहासिक) questions - What led to y happening?, What were the events that led up to y?, What caused y?