अनुसंधान विधियों के 14 प्रकार (14 Types of Research Methods) for Competitive Exams for Competitive Exams
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Basic Versus Applied (बेसिक बनाम एप्लाइड)
- Fundamental or Basic or Pure – New knowledge – why, what & how – advancement of theory – single discipline – in technical language
- Applied – solve specific problem – solve immediate problem for betterment – in common language
Fixed Versus Flexible
- Fixed Research – design is fixed, theory driven, measured quantitatively
- Flexible Research – more freedom for data collection, qualitative
Quantitative vs. Qualitative (मात्रात्मक बनाम गुणात्मक)
- Quantitative – Collection & analysis of data – from questionnaire, survey (assume world to be stable so can be measured) – deductive (logic) निगमनात्मक
- Qualitative – Non-numeric – like observation, interview (since perspective of people differs) – narrative description and field focused – inductive (empirical) आगमनात्मक
Experimental vs. Non-Experimental
- Experimental - Cause effect relationship, control gp & experimental gp (can include pilot study) , manipulate IV, effect of changing IV on DV, starts with hypothesis, control of extraneous variable is important, Control experiment – physical, selective, statistical
- Non-experimental – Uses theories & reasoning, has wide scope
- Exploratory (खोजपूर्ण)
- Descriptive (वर्णनात्मक)
- Historical (ऐतिहासिक)
Exploratory vs. Confirmatory Research (खोजपूर्ण बनाम स्थायीकरण रिसर्च)
- Exploratory – explore possibility of doing research where due to paucity of knowledge, hypothesis testing is difficult (e. g. , vendor may explore possible sales areas) – has higher level of uncertainty & ignorance of subject, easier to make new discoveries – less stringent – case study, ethnography, projective techniques
- Exploratory research generates a posteriori hypotheses by examining a data-set and looking for potential relations between variables.
- Confirmatory research tests a priori hypotheses - outcome predictions that are made before the measurement phase begins. Are usually derived from a theory or the results of previous studies.
Explanatory or Casual Research (स्पष्टीकरण या कारण शोध)
- Explains cause effect relationship
- Idea is to understand does a change in X cause a change in Y?
- It can employ statistical method or experimental method
- It is a conclusive research – determine relation between causal variable and effect predicted
Descriptive Research (वर्णनात्मक अनुसंधान)
- Only why and what – not deals with “how” (what are benefits of multimedia textbooks as compared to print textbooks)
- More structured than exploratory
- Static – single phenomena – public opinion
- Dynamic - cross sectional or longitudinal
- Includes
- Survey studies – assess characteristics of whole population
- Interrelationship studies – relationship among data (case studies, casual comparative, correlational)
- Developmental studies – changes as function of time (growth, trend, model development)
Historical Research (ऐतिहासिक अनुसंधान)
- Examine past events
- Qualitative
- Primary source – relic, remain, artifacts
- Secondary source – textbook, newspaper, periodicals
- Criticism – external (genuineness of source) and internal (based on accuracy and competence of writer)
Ex-Post Facto or Casual - Comparative Research
- Quasi-experimental – participants are not randomly assigned – 2 gp. with different IV and compare them on DV
- IV (cause) prior to study affects DV (effect)
- Studies what researcher cannot alter (can՚t make a person overweight for studying its effect on behavior)
- Tsunami hit area
Correlational Research (सहसंबंधी अनुसंधान)
- Degree of relationship b/w variables
- It is quantitative
- Range -1 to 0 to + 1
Evaluation Research (मूल्यांकन अनुसंधान)
- Determines impact of social intervention (impact of program on certain social problem)
- Strategies
- Scientific-experimental model – accuracy and objectivity
- Management oriented - PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) , and CPM (Critical Path Method)
- Qualitative Anthropological model – importance of observation
- Participant-oriented – client-centered and stakeholder approach
Formative vs. Summative Evaluation
- Formative – improve object being evaluated
- Need assessment – who needs and how great the need is
- Evaluative assessment – evaluation is feasible
- Structured conceptualization
- Implementation - transparency
- Process
- Summative Evaluation – examine effect or outcome
- Outcome
- Impact – broader than outcome (includes intended and unintended effects)
- Cost-effectiveness
- Secondary analysis – reexamine data to address new questions
- Meta-analysis – integrate outcome from multiple studies
Diagnostic Research (नैदानिक अनुसंधान)
- Find the cause
- Emergence of problem ⇾ diagnosis and solution
Prognostic Research (पूर्वज्ञान संबंधी अनुसंधान)
- Find relation b/w predictor and outcome
- Find course of action
- Early detection
Action Research (क्रिया शोध)
- Solve immediate problem, carried by actors (main people)
- Led by team – participatory or practical
- Might include observation, interview, field note, survey or questionnaire
- Individual – one person
- Collaborative – 2 or more
- School-wide – entire system
Types of Research Problems Addressed
- Exploratory (खोजपूर्ण) questions -What is the case? , What are the key factors?
- Descriptive (वर्णनात्मक) questions - How many? , What is the incidence of x? , Are x and y related?
- Causal questions (कारण) - Why? , What are the causes of y?
- Evaluative (मूल्यांकन) questions - What was the outcome of x? , Has P been successful?
- Predictive (पूर्वानुमान) questions - What will the effect of x be on y?
Historical (ऐतिहासिक) questions - What led to y happening? , What were the events that led up to y? , What caused y?
अनुसन्धान रेखा – चित्र (Research design) | अनुसंधान क्रियाविधि (Research methodology) |
Focuses on the end-product: What kind of study is being planned and what kind of results are aimed at. E. g. Historical – Comparative study, Interpretive approach OR exploratory study, inductive and deductive etc. | Focuses on the research process and the kind of tools and procedures to be used. E. g. Document analysis, Survey methods, analysis of existing (secondary) data/statistics etc) |
Point of departure (driven by) = Research problem or question | Point of departure (driven by) = specific tasks (data collection or sampling) at hand. |
Focuses on the logic of research: What evidence is required to address the question adequately? | Focuses on the individual (not linear) steps in the research process and the most ‘objective’ (unbiased) procedures to be employed. |