Ratio, Proportion and Percentages Formulas and Tricks
Get unlimited access to the best preparation resource for competitive exams : get questions, notes, tests, video lectures and more- for all subjects of your exam.
Ratio & Proportion
- The equality of two ratios is called a proportion. If , we write and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion.In a proportion, the first and fourth terms are known as extremes, while the second and third are known as means.
- Mean proportion between a and b is
- The compounded ratio of the ratios is
- is a duplicate ratio of
- is a sub-duplicate ration of
- is a triplicate ratio of
- is a sub-triplicate ratio of
- If , then , which is called the Componendo.
- If , which is called the dividendo
- If , which is called the Componendo & Dividendo.
- Variation: We say that x is directly proportional to y if for some constant k and we write,
- Also, we say that x is inversely proportional to y for some constant k and we write
Ratios
- If then for a positive quantity x,
. If then for a positive quantity x,
Proportions
Percentage
- To express x % as a fraction, we have
- To express as a percent, we have
- If ‘A’ is R % more than ‘B’ , then ‘B’ is less than ‘A’ by
OR
If the price of a commodity increases by R % , then the reduction in consumption, not to increase the expenditure is
- If ‘A’ is R % less than ‘B’ , then ‘B’ is more than ‘A’ by
OR
If the price of a commodity decreases by R % , then the increase in consumption, not to increase the expenditure is
- If the population of a town is ‘P’ in a year, then its population after ‘N’ years is
- If the population of a town is ‘P’ in a year, then its population ‘N’ years ago is
Percentage Change
- For two successive changes of and