Environmental Summits YouTube Lecture Handouts for NET, IAS, State-SET (KSET, WBSET, MPSET, etc.), GATE, CUET, Olympiads etc. 2023
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Earth Summit & Conventions: 3 Aspects - Climate Change, Biodiversity & Sustainable Development
Earth Summit Key Aspects
- 1972: UN Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm - United Nations Environment Program established
- Earth watch: UNEP keeps constant surveillance on environment.
- Global Environment Outlook (GEO) : UNEP publishes this report. 5th report (GEO-5) released in 2012.
- 1983, World Commission on Environment and Development led by Gro Harlem Brundtland of Norway – Sustainable Development
- 1987: Brundtland report (Our Common Future) - UN General Assembly called for UNCED with primary goals of socio-economic development and prevent continued environmental deterioration
Agenda 21
- Non-binding
- Voluntary
- Action plan of United Nations
- Related with sustainable development
- Can be executed at local, national, and global levels
- “21” refers to the 21st Century
Rio Declaration
- 27 principles & 3rd generation rights
- Rio + 10 (2002) – full implementation of Agenda 21
- Rio + 20 (2012) – renew political commitment, implement gaps & address challenges – 20 yr gap b/w 1992 and 2012
- Poverty Reduction
- Clean Energy
- Sustainable Development
- 7 Priority Areas: Job, Energy, Cities, Food, Water, Ocean & Disaster
- 49 page document – “Future we want”
Statement of Forest Principles
- First global consensus on forest
- Developed nations should work to green the world
- Develop forest based on socio-economic needs
- Provide financial resources for development
- 1994: Working Group on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests started
Cartagena Protocol
- Or Biosafety Protocol
- CoP 5 – opened for signature (2000)
- Adopted in 2000 & ratified in 2003 & came in force 2004
- Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) by biotechnology
- Trans boundary movement & handling
- Balance public health against economic benefits
- Precautionary approach in Principle 15 of Rio
- Establish biosafety clearing house
Aichi Targets
- CoP (Conference of Parties 10) held at Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Biodiversity protection targets – 10 year framework
- Short term by 2020 as “Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 - 2020”
- Long term by 2050
- 20 Targets in 5 Sections (A to E)
- Goal A: Address causes of biodiversity loss
- Goal B: Reduce direct pressure on biodiversity and promote sustainable use
- Goal C: Safeguard ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
- Goal D: Biodiversity benefits to all
- Goal E: Participatory planning, capacity building
Nagoya Genetic Resource Protocol
- Came in force in 2014
- Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from use of genetic resources
- Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House – facilitate implementation, transparency and monitoring
- Create legal certainty
Classification of Parties to UNFCCC -2015
- Annex-I: 43 nations + EU – Industrialized nations and economies in transition (EITs)
- Annex-II: From annex – I, 24 nations + EU – members of OECD – provide support to EITs & developing nations
- Non-Annex-I: Low income developing countries
- LDCs: 49 nations under special status
- Protocol: International agreement that stands on its own but is linked to an existing convention
Climate Change Initiatives
World՚s First Climate Conference
- In 1979
- In Geneva
- By WMO
- Establishment of World Climate Program & World Climate Research Program
- Creation of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) by WMO & UNEP in 1988
World՚s Second Climate Conference
- In 1990
- In Geneva
- Review World Climate Program
- Establishment of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCCC)
- Establishment of Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) - global observing system of systems for climate and climate-related observations
World՚s Third Climate Conference
- In 2009
- In Geneva
- Focus on Climatic predictions
- Contribute to achievement of United Nations Millennium Development Goals
- Contribute to Hyogo Framework for Action on Disaster Risk Reduction (2005 - 2015)
Berlin Mandate
- B/w UN convention & Kyoto Protocol – 2 CoP
- CoP 1: Berlin – Berlin Mandate by developed nations to set targets to reduce GHG
- CoP 2: Ministerial Declaration – Geneva – legally binding commitments on GHG were warranted
Kyoto Protocol
- Adopted in 1997 & entered into force in 2005 – 164 nations
- CoP 6: Bonn Agreement - 2001
- CoP 7: Marakkesh Accord – 2001
- Emissions trading – Annex-1 purchase credit from other annex-1
- CDM - Annex-1 participate in non-Annex-1
- Joint Implementation - Annex-1 do projects in other Annex-1
- Russia, Japan, Canada, New Zealand & Many EU Nations ratified
- GHG: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydro fluorocarbons, perfluro carbons, and sulfur hexafluoride
- Canada - 6% , EU - 8%
- Expires in 2012
Kyoto Protocol
- Canada – ratified; USA & Australia – Not Ratified
- Commits industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions
- Sets binding emission reduction targets for 36 industrialized countries & EU
- IPCC believed increase in temperature b/w 1.4 to 5.8
- Targets add up to average 5% emission reduction compared to 1990 levels over 2008 – 2012 (the first commitment period)
- Binds developed countries & heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR – RC) , for high levels of GHG emissions
- Copenhagen Accord
- In 2009 – Mitigate GHG
- Action to keep average global temperatures from rising more than 2 above pre-industrial times
- Emission reduction goal for 2020, no target for developing nations
- $ 30 billion in fast-start money from developed nations during 2010 - 2012
- Beyond 2012- developed countries would mobilize $ 100 billion a year by 2020
Cancun
- 2010 in Cancun, Mexico
- Global warming limited to less than 2 relative to pre-industrial analysis
- Establish Green Climate Fund - $ 100 billion fund to help developing nations deal with global warming
- New Technology Mission - Fully operational by 2012 to boost the innovation, development & new climate-friendly technologies;
- Adaptation Framework to reduce Deforestation - promote the implementation of stronger, cohesive action on adaptation
Doha Amendment
- Agreed on 2012
- CoP 18 & CMP 8
- Not entered into force as required number of nations has not ratified this amendment
- Amendment will enter into force when 144 or three-quarters of Parties submit acceptance
- Important to achieve SDG 13
Lima
- 2014 in Lima, Peru
- 195 nations
- Emission reduction by USA & China
- EU to reduce emission 40% by 2030
- Levels of transparency and confidence-building
- Lima Ministerial Declaration on Education and Awareness
- Low carbon & climate resilient society
Paris Agreement
- Strengthen global response to threat of climate change by keeping global temperature rise this century well below 2 above pre-industrial levels
- Pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5
- All Parties to put forward their best efforts through “nationally determined contributions” (NDCs)
- Long-term temperature goal (Art. 2)
- Global peaking (Art. 3)
- Mitigation (Art. 4)
- Sinks and reservoirs (Art. 5)
- Market and non-markets (Art. 6)
- Adaptation (Art. 7)
- Loss and damage (Art. 8)
- Support (Art. 9,10 and 11)
- Transparency (Art. 13)
- Global Stock take (Art. 14) – to take place in 2023 & every 5 years thereafter
Marrakech, Morocco
- CoP 22 & CMP 12 in 2016
- Water management
- Decarbonizing energy supplies
- SuRe – Standard for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure
- Accelerating Urban Mobility Forum
- Low Carbon Innovation
- Green Academic Growth
- $ 23 million for Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN)
- $ 50 million for the Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency
- Double World Bank climate finance for Middle East-North Africa region to $ 1.5 billion by 2020.
✍ Mayank