ICSE Class 10 Geography India: Geography: Types of Agriculture YouTube Lecture Handouts
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ICSE Class 10 Geography: Agriculture
Types of Agriculture – Shifting Cultivation
- Slash and Burn
- Fields are rotated
- Draught animals are not used
- Manual labor is employed
- Community owns the land
- Grows for only own families
- Variety of crops
- Ecological problems
Subsistence Agriculture
- Wooden plough is used
- Only 2 crops
- High population density
- Crop rotation
- Small and fragmented farms
- Labor intensive industry
- Domestication of plants
- Low productivity
- Variety of cereals
Intensive Agriculture
- Harvest more than one crop
- Small landholding
- Manual labor
- Multiple crops
- crop rotation
- Handheld tillers
- Draught animals
- Support family
Extensive Agriculture
- Very large farm
- Mechanized
- Sparsely populated
- Low yield per hectare
- Mainly wheat
- Commercial and exported
Plantation Agriculture
- Tropical regions
- Capital intensive
- Scientific lines
- Estates more than 40 acres
- Established by British companies
- Specialized labor
- Monoculture
Mixed Farming
- Grow crop and livestock
- Reduced risk
- Animal products
- High capital expenditure
- For sale
Commercial Farming
- Horticulture – labor and capital intensive; vegetable, flower, and fruits
- Commercial intensive – Punjab, Haryana, Western UP
- Plantation agriculture
- Cash crop like jute, sugarcane, oilseeds
Features of Agriculture
- Gamble of rain
- Large latitudinal variation of temperature and rain
- Subsistence agriculture
- Outdated techniques
- Obsolete techniques
- Small and fragmented farms
- Risk averse mindset
Problems of Agriculture
- Monsoon vagaries
- Irrigation
- Small and uneconomic landholdings
- Seeds
- Manures, fertilizers
- Lack of mechanization
- Soil erosion
- Agricultural marketing
- Lack of storage facilities
- Credit for framers
Solutions for Agriculture
- Multipurpose dam projects
- Consolidation of land holdings
- National seeds corporation
- Heavy subsidy
- Shelter belts, strip cropping plugging of gullies
- State warehousing corporation
- Green revolution – maximum returns and demand for farm machinery
Classification of Agricultural Crops
- Based on Season of growth
- Based on use of crops
- Based on Season of growth – Kharif, rabi zayad
- Based on use of crops – food, cash, beverage, fibre, oilseeds, species
Zaid, Kharif, Rabi
Zaid
- Watermelon,
- muskmelon,
- cucumber,
- vegetables,
- fodder Rice – West Bengal &
- Tamil Nadu as Boro
Kharif
- Paddy (3 crops in Assam, Bihar & Orissa - Aus, Aman and Boro) , maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean
- Sown- Monsoon – June Harvest – Sept/Oct
- Assam, West Bengal, coastal Orissa, AP, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Konkan in Maharashtra UP and Bihar
Rabi
- Punjab, Haryana, HP, J & K
- Uttaranchal and UP
- Wheat, barley, peas, jowar, gram and mustard, rapeseed, linseed
- Sown- Winter – Oct/Nov
- Harvest – Summer – Apr/June
✍ Manishika