ICSE Class 10 Geography India: Geography: Types of Agriculture YouTube Lecture Handouts

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Types of Agriculture – Shifting Cultivation

• Slash and Burn

• Fields are rotated

• Draught animals are not used

• Manual labor is employed

• Community owns the land

• Grows for only own families

• Variety of crops

• Ecological problems

Subsistence Agriculture

• Wooden plough is used

• Only 2 crops

• High population density

• Crop rotation

• Small and fragmented farms

• Labor intensive industry

• Domestication of plants

• Low productivity

• Variety of cereals

Intensive Agriculture

• Harvest more than one crop

• Small landholding

• Manual labor

• Multiple crops

• crop rotation

• Handheld tillers

• Draught animals

• Support family

Extensive Agriculture

• Very large farm

• Mechanized

• Sparsely populated

• Low yield per hectare

• Mainly wheat

• Commercial and exported

Plantation Agriculture

• Tropical regions

• Capital intensive

• Scientific lines

• Estates more than 40 acres

• Established by British companies

• Specialized labor

• Monoculture

Mixed Farming

• Grow crop and livestock

• Reduced risk

• Animal products

• High capital expenditure

• For sale

Commercial Farming

• Horticulture – labor and capital intensive; vegetable, flower and fruits

• Commercial intensive – Punjab, Haryana, Western UP

• Plantation agriculture

• Cash crop like jute, sugarcane, oilseeds

Features of Agriculture

• Gamble of rain

• Large latitudinal variation of temperature and rain

• Subsistence agriculture

• Outdated techniques

• Obsolete techniques

• Small and fragmented farms

• Risk averse mindset

Problems of Agriculture

• Monsoon vagaries

• Irrigation

• Small and uneconomic landholdings

• Seeds

• Manures, fertilizers

• Lack of mechanization

• Soil erosion

• Agricultural marketing

• Lack of storage facilities

• Credit for framers

Solutions for Agriculture

• Multipurpose dam projects

• Consolidation of land holdings

• National seeds corporation

• Heavy subsidy

• Shelter belts, strip cropping plugging of gullies

• State warehousing corporation

• Green revolution – maximum returns and demand for farm machinery

Classification of Agricultural Crops

• Based on Season of growth

• Based on use of crops

  • Based on Season of growth – Kharif, rabi zayad

  • Based on use of crops – food, cash, beverage, fibre, oilseeds, species

    • Zaid:

      • Watermelon,

      • muskmelon,

      • cucumber,

      • vegetables,

      • fodder Rice – West Bengal &

      • Tamil Nadu as Boro

    • Kharif:

      • Paddy (3 crops in Assam, Bihar & Orissa - Aus, Aman and Boro), maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean

      • Sown- Monsoon – June Harvest – Sept/Oct

      • Assam, West Bengal, coastal Orissa, AP, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Konkan in Maharashtra UP and Bihar

    • Rabi:

      • Punjab, Haryana, HP, J & K

      • Uttaranchal and UP

      • Wheat, barley, peas, jowar, gram and mustard, rapeseed, linseed

      • Sown- Winter – Oct /Nov

      • Harvest – Summer – Apr/June

-Manishika