14 Types of Research Methods YouTube Lecture Handouts
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14 Types of Research Methods - Where to Apply?
Framework
Basic Versus Applied
- Fundamental or Basic or Pure β New knowledge β why, what & how β advancement of theory β single discipline β in technical language
- Applied β solve specific problem β solve immediate problem for betterment β in common language
Fixed Versus Flexible
- Fixed Research β design is fixed, theory driven, measured quantitatively
- Flexible Research β more freedom for data collection, qualitative
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
- Quantitative β Collection & analysis of data β from questionnaire, survey (assume world to be stable so can be measured) β deductive (logic)
- Qualitative β Non-numeric β like observation, interview (since perspective of people differs) β narrative description and field focused β inductive (empirical)
Experimental vs. Non-Experimental
- Experimental - Cause effect relationship, control gp & experimental gp (can include pilot study) , manipulate IV, effect of changing IV on DV, starts with hypothesis, control of extraneous variable is important, Control experiment β physical, selective, statistical
- Non-experimental β Uses theories & reasoning, has wide scope
- Exploratory
- Descriptive
- Historical
Exploratory vs. Confirmatory Research
- Exploratory β explore possibility of doing research where due to paucity of knowledge, hypothesis testing is difficult (e. g. , vendor may explore possible sales areas) β has higher level of uncertainty & ignorance of subject, easier to make new discoveries β less stringent β case study, ethnography, projective techniques
- Exploratory research generate a posteriori hypotheses by examining a data-set and looking for potential relations between variables.
- Confirmatory research tests a priori hypotheses - outcome predictions that are made before the measurement phase begins. Are usually derived from a theory or the results of previous studies.
Explanatory or Casual Research
- Explains cause effect relationship
- Idea is to understand does a change in X cause a change in Y?
- It can employ statistical method or experimental method
- It is a conclusive research β determine relation between causal variable and effect predicted
Descriptive Research
- Only why and what β not deals with βhowβ (what are benefits of multimedia textbooks as compared to print textbooks)
- More structured than exploratory
- Static β single phenomena β public opinion
- Dynamic - cross sectional or longitudinal
- Includes
- Survey studies β assess characteristics of whole population
- Interrelationship studies β relationship among data (case studies, casual comparative, correlational)
- Developmental studies β changes as function of time (growth, trend, model development)
Historical Research
- Examine past events
- Qualitative
- Primary source β relic, remain, artifacts
- Secondary source β textbook, newspaper, periodicals
- Criticism β external (genuineness of source) and internal (based on accuracy and competence of writer)
Ex-Post Facto or Casual - Comparative Research
- Quasi-experimental β participants are not randomly assigned β 2 gp. with different IV and compare them on DV
- IV (cause) prior to study affects DV (effect)
- Studies what researcher cannot alter (canΥt make a person overweight for studying its effect on behavior)
- Tsunami hit area
Correlational Research
- Degree of relationship b/w variables
- It is quantitative
- Range -1 to 0 to + 1
Evaluation Research
- Determines impact of social intervention (impact of program on certain social problem)
- Strategies
- Scientific-experimental model β accuracy and objectivity
- Management oriented - PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) , and CPM (Critical Path Method)
- Qualitative Anthropological model β importance of observation
- Participant-oriented β client-centered and stakeholder approach
Formative vs. Summative Evaluation
- Formative β improve object being evaluated
- Need assessment β who needs and how great the need is
- Evaluative assessment β evaluation is feasible
- Structured conceptualization
- Implementation - transparency
- Process
- Summative Evaluation β examine effect or outcome
- Outcome
- Impact β broader than outcome (includes intended and unintended effects)
- Cost-effectiveness
- Secondary analysis β reexamine data to address new questions
- Meta-analysis β integrate outcome from multiple studies
Diagnostic Research
- Find the cause
- Emergence of problem βΎ diagnosis and solution
Prognostic Research
- Find relation b/w predictor and outcome
- Find course of action
- Early detection
Action Research
- Solve immediate problem, carried by actors (main people)
- Led by team β participatory or practical
- Might include observation, interview, field note, survey or questionnaire
- Individual β one person
- Collaborative β 2 or more
- School-wide β entire system
Types of Research Problems Addressed
- Exploratory questions -What is the case? , What are the key factors?
- Descriptive questions - How many? What is the incidence of x? Are x and y related?
- Causal questions - Why? What are the causes of y?
- Evaluative questions - What was the outcome of x? Has P been successful?
- Predictive questions - What will the effect of x be on y?
- Historical questions - What led to y happening? What were the events that led up to y? What caused y?
Research Design | Research Methodology |
---|---|
Focuses on the end-product: what kind of study is being planned and what kind of results are aimed at. E. g. Historical β comparative study, interpretive approach OR exploratory study inductive and deductive etc. | Focuses on the research process and the kind of tools and procedures to be used. E. g. Document analysis, survey methods, analysis of existing (secondary data/statistics etc) |
Point of departure (driven by) = Research problem or question. | Point of departure (driven by) = Specific tasks (data collection or sampling) at hand. |
Focuses on the logic of research: What evidence is required to address the question adequately? | Focuses on the individual (not linear) steps in the research process and the most βobjectiveβ (unbiased) procedures to be employed. |
β Manishika