Ratio, Proportion and Percentages Formulas and Tricks

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Ratio & Proportion

  • The equality of two ratios is called a proportion. If , we write and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion.In a proportion, the first and fourth terms are known as extremes, while the second and third are known as means.
  • Mean proportion between a and b is
  • The compounded ratio of the ratios is
  • is a duplicate ratio of
  • is a sub-duplicate ration of
  • is a triplicate ratio of
  • is a sub-triplicate ratio of
  • If , then , which is called the Componendo.
  • If , which is called the dividendo
  • If , which is called the Componendo & Dividendo.
  • Variation: We say that x is directly proportional to y if for some constant k and we write,
  • Also, we say that x is inversely proportional to y for some constant k and we write

Ratios

  • If then for a positive quantity x,

. If then for a positive quantity x,

Proportions

Percentage

  • To express x % as a fraction, we have
  • To express as a percent, we have
  • If ‘A’ is R % more than ‘B’ , then ‘B’ is less than ‘A’ by

OR

If the price of a commodity increases by R % , then the reduction in consumption, not to increase the expenditure is

  • If ‘A’ is R % less than ‘B’ , then ‘B’ is more than ‘A’ by

OR

If the price of a commodity decreases by R % , then the increase in consumption, not to increase the expenditure is

  • If the population of a town is ‘P’ in a year, then its population after ‘N’ years is
  • If the population of a town is ‘P’ in a year, then its population ‘N’ years ago is

Percentage Change

  • For two successive changes of and