14 Types of Research Methods YouTube Lecture Handouts
Download PDF of This Page (Size: 203K) ↧
Get video tutorial on: Examrace YouTube channel
Watch Video Lecture on YouTube: 14 Types of Research Methods - Where to Apply?
14 Types of Research Methods - Where to Apply?
Framework

Image of Framework of Research Methods
Image of Framework of Research Methods
Basic Versus Applied
-
Fundamental or Basic or Pure – New knowledge – why, what & how – advancement of theory – single discipline – in technical language
-
Applied – solve specific problem – solve immediate problem for betterment – in common language
Fixed Versus Flexible
-
Fixed Research – design is fixed, theory driven, measured quantitatively
-
Flexible Research – more freedom for data collection, qualitative
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
-
Quantitative – Collection & analysis of data – from questionnaire, survey (assume world to be stable so can be measured) – deductive (logic)
-
Qualitative – Non-numeric – like observation, interview (since perspective of people differs) – narrative description and field focused – inductive (empirical)

Ethnographic-Inductive Logic
Image of Ethnographic-Inductive Logic And Hypothetico - deductive Logic For Research Methods
Experimental vs. Non-Experimental
-
Experimental - Cause effect relationship, control gp & experimental gp (can include pilot study), manipulate IV, effect of changing IV on DV, starts with hypothesis, control of extraneous variable is important, Control experiment – physical, selective, statistical
-
Non-experimental – Uses theories & reasoning, has wide scope
-
Exploratory
-
Descriptive
-
Historical
Exploratory vs. Confirmatory Research
-
Exploratory – explore possibility of doing research where due to paucity of knowledge, hypothesis testing is difficult (e.g., vendor may explore possible sales areas) – has higher level of uncertainty & ignorance of subject, easier to make new discoveries – less stringent – case study, ethnography, projective techniques
-
Exploratory research generate a posteriori hypotheses by examining a data-set and looking for potential relations between variables.
-
Confirmatory research tests a priori hypotheses - outcome predictions that are made before the measurement phase begins. Are usually derived from a theory or the results of previous studies.
Explanatory or Casual Research
-
Explains cause effect relationship
-
Idea is to understand does a change in X cause a change in Y?
-
It can employ statistical method or experimental method
-
It is a conclusive research – determine relation between causal variable and effect predicted
Descriptive Research
-
Only why and what – not deals with “how” (what are benefits of multimedia textbooks as compared to print textbooks)
-
More structured than exploratory
-
Static – single phenomena – public opinion
-
Dynamic - cross sectional or longitudinal
-
Includes
-
Survey studies – assess characteristics of whole population
-
Interrelationship studies – relationship among data (case studies, casual comparative, correlational)
-
Developmental studies – changes as function of time (growth, trend, model development)
Historical Research
-
Examine past events
-
Qualitative
-
Primary source – relic, remain, artifacts
-
Secondary source – textbook, newspaper, periodicals
-
Criticism – external (genuineness of source) and internal (based on accuracy and competence of writer)
Ex-Post Facto or Casual - Comparative Research
-
Quasi-experimental – participants are not randomly assigned – 2 gp. with different IV and compare them on DV
-
IV (cause) prior to study affects DV (effect)
-
Studies what researcher cannot alter (can’t make a person overweight for studying its effect on behavior)
-
Tsunami hit area
Correlational Research
-
Degree of relationship b/w variables
-
It is quantitative
-
Range -1 to 0 to +1
Evaluation Research
-
Determines impact of social intervention (impact of program on certain social problem)
-
Strategies
-
Scientific-experimental model – accuracy and objectivity
-
Management oriented - PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), and CPM (Critical Path Method)
-
Qualitative Anthropological model – importance of observation
-
Participant-oriented – client-centered and stakeholder approach
Formative vs. Summative Evaluation
-
Formative – improve object being evaluated
-
Need assessment – who needs and how great the need is
-
Evaluative assessment – evaluation is feasible
-
Structured conceptualization
-
Implementation - transparency
-
Process
-
-
Summative Evaluation – examine effect or outcome
-
Outcome
-
Impact – broader than outcome (includes intended and unintended effects)
-
Cost-effectiveness
-
Secondary analysis – reexamine data to address new questions
-
Meta-analysis – integrate outcome from multiple studies
-
Diagnostic Research
-
Find the cause
-
Emergence of problem -> diagnosis and solution
Prognostic Research
-
Find relation b/w predictor and outcome
-
Find course of action
-
Early detection
Action Research
-
Solve immediate problem, carried by actors (main people)
-
Led by team – participatory or practical
-
Might include observation, interview, field note, survey or questionnaire
-
Individual – one person
-
Collaborative – 2 or more
-
School-wide – entire system
Types of Research Problems Addressed
-
Exploratory questions -What is the case? , What are the key factors?
-
Descriptive questions - How many? What is the incidence of x? Are x and y related?
-
Causal questions - Why? What are the causes of y?
-
Evaluative questions - What was the outcome of x? Has P been successful?
-
Predictive questions - What will the effect of x be on y?
-
Historical questions - What led to y happening? What were the events that led up to y? What caused y?
Research Design | Research Methodology |
Focuses on the end-product: what kind of study is being planned and what kind of results are aimed at. E.g. Historical – comparative study, interpretive approach OR exploratory study inductive and deductive etc. | Focuses on the research process and the kind of tools and procedures to be used. E.g. Document analysis, survey methods, analysis of existing (secondary data/statistics etc) |
Point of departure (driven by) = Research problem or question. | Point of departure (driven by) = Specific tasks (data collection or sampling) at hand. |
Focuses on the logic of research: What evidence is required to address the question adequately? | Focuses on the individual (not linear) steps in the research process and the most ‘objective’ (unbiased) procedures to be employed. |
-Manishika