Positivism, Post-Positivism, Constructivism, Critical, Post-Structuralism
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- Positivism
- Post Positivism
- Constructivism
- Critical
- Post Structural
- Philosophy
- Axiology β Nature & Status
- Ethics
- Aesthetics
- Ontology β what is really real
- Epistemology β study of knowledge
Positivism
Ontology | Epistemology | Axiology | Methodology | Product | Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reality is there & understand | How world is ordered, knower is distinct from world | Logic, Disengage, absolute | Experiment, Survey, Correlation | Facts theories | Biology Mathematics |
- Absolute truth to discover
- Objective
- Generalisable
- Replicable
- Scientific
- Does not means optimism β like red flowers but test report can be positive
- Data Robot (Star Trek) , Sophia Robot, Spock (Star Trek) β Only logical
- Delhi β I can measure climate, population, history, demographics β compete picture of London with better tools.
- Frontliners β found data, applied science, research and give suggestions (country wise analysis) β Impact of Covid-19
Post-Positivism
Ontology | Epistemology | Axiology | Methodology | Product | Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Really exist, limit to our capabilities | Approximation of reality | Reason, dispassionate, universal | Qualitative methods, frequency and statistics | Generalizations, grounded theory | Psychology Medicine |
- What is Nature of reality?
- Reality is there but there might be limits to our ability to capture it
- Researcher is not perfect β approximations
- Karl Popper β feasibility β all swans are white but 1 single black swan can disprove the theory that all swans are white.
- Reason, neutral and universal β Picard (Captain of Star Trek) , Chandragupta Maurya, Akbar heard of Birbal
- Post-positivism β Delhi is sprawling β growing β picture is never complete even if we say Delhi is growing β itΥs easier to say what it is not
- Front Liners β Get feedback from everyone, reject some and prepare a plan (Impact of Covid-19) β one path for everyone β PPE for all, isolation, quarantine
Constructivism
Ontology | Epistemology | Axiology | Methodology | Product | Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multiple realities are constructed, made by people in social ways | Knowledge as human construction | Rationality, human, contextual | Naturalistic qualitative | Case studies, narratives | Psychoanalysis Education |
- Context dependent
- Socially constructed
- Subjective
- Understand context and experience
- Reality is made by people in social ways and it is not a product of mutual understanding
- Knowledge is co-conducted β researcher is involved in research β building theory and sharing and participants
- Rationality, Human and contextual β Martin Luther, BR Ambedkar, Nelson Mandela (how they grew) , John Rawls Theory of Justice
- Meaning b/w cultures β world is not black and white but shades of grey
- Delhi City as human activity hub β complex multiple communities β local communities
- Front liners - problems faced and facilities that we can give (Impact of Covid-19) β suggestions will not be same for all β separate for all (red, orange, green β¦ . Village/city/tribal β¦ . Congested/uncongested) . Decision at individual level with numerous suggestions
Critical
Ontology | Epistemology | Axiology | Methodology | Product | Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Power relations - difference in race, class, gender, produced by tensions | Knowledge is value laden & political | Critique, social justice, transformative | Transformative inquiry | Value mediated critiques | Sociology Politics |
- Critical Theory - Chanakya, Martin Luther King
- Reality is product of power relations and it is produced through these tensions
- Social relations
- Knowledge is political and value laden
- Idea is to change it
- Social justice
- Critique, social justice and transformative
- Delhi as a seat of power β inequality of rich and poor and power pushing towards nation β Delhi must change for better
- Frontliners β change system for doctors and bring robots (Impact of Covid-19) β how much work is mechanical or repetitive
- Transformative inquiry is a theoretical model designed to facilitate the inquiry of important and meaningful relationships
Post Structuralism
Ontology | Epistemology | Axiology | Methodology | Product | Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascribe meaning to meaningless world | No truth to be known, Knowledge is contextual | Discursive, narrative | Deconstruction Multi-voiced studies | Genealogies | Literary Analysis Gender Studies |
Life is product of discourse β stories we tell
Individual Studies
- John Dewey β education is different for all β progressive education
- Rabindranath Tagore β Shanti Niketan (individual story)
- Delhi City β not stable construct but Idea that evolved over time and means different things to different people. Not understood as one thing but mix and mess of ideas.
- Front liners β family issue β life of each doctor (Impact of Covid-19)
- Deconstruction: A deconstructive approach to criticism involves discovering, recognizing and understanding the underlying and unspoken and implicit assumptions, ideas and frameworks of cultural forms such as works of art
- A discursive approach enables you to explore the construction of meanings in human interaction.
Ontology | Epistemology | |
---|---|---|
Positivism | One reality or Truth | Knowledge is measured |
Constructivism | Multiple realities | Reality must be Interpreted |
Post Structuralism | Meaning to Meaningless | Contextual & unstable |
β Manishika