NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 4: Agriculture YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 4: Agriculture
Chapter 4: Agriculture
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2/3rd people in agriculture
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Food grains
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Raw material for industry
Primitive Farming
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In small areas
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Primitive tools – hoe, sticks
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Monsoon dependent
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Slash and burn agriculture
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‘Milpa’ in Mexico
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‘Masole’ in Central Africa
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‘Conuco’ in Venzuela
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‘Roca’ in Brazil
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‘Ladang’ in Indonesia
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‘Ray’ in Vietnam
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Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in Madhya Pradesh
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‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh
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‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Orissa
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‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats
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‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ in SE Rajasthan
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‘Khil’ in the Himalayan belt
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‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand
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‘Jhumming’ in the North-eastern region
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Pamlou in Manipur
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Dipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Intensive Subsistence Farming
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High population
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Labor intensive
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More chemicals and irrigation
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Small landholdings- division of land
Commercial Farming
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High HYV, fertilizer, chemicals
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Large land
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Mechanized
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Rice - commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab; in Orissa- subsistence
Plantation Cropping
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Single crop over large area
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interface of agriculture and industry
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Large land
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Capital intensive
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Migrant laborers
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Tea in Assam and N. Bengal
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Coffee in Karnataka
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Good transport to reach market – Market oriented
Paddy (3 Crops in Assam, Bihar & Orissa - Aus, Aman and Boro), Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Tur, Moong, Urad, Cotton, Jute, Groundnut and Soyabean

Crops and Seasons
Crops and Seasons in India
Rice
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Largest after China
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Kharif crop
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High temperature (above 25°C) and high humidity
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Annual rainfall above 100 cm (if less – irrigation)
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Plains of north and NE India, coast & deltaic region
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By canal & tubewell in Raj, Punjab, Haryana & west UP
Wheat
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Second after rice
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North and NW India
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Rabi crop
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Cool growing season
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Bright sunshine at ripening
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Rain 50-75 cm
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2 zones - Ganga-Satluj plains in NW & black soil in Deccan
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Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP
Millets
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Jowar, bajra, ragi – coarse grains - High nutrition
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Jowar – 3rd in area & production, rain-fed, in moist areas
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Jowar – Largest producer is Maharashtra; Karnataka, AP & MP
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Bajra - sandy & shallow black soil
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Bajra – Largest is Rajasthan; then UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat & Haryana
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Ragi – Dry, grows on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils; has iron, calcium & roughage
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Ragi – Largest is Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, also in HP, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh
Maize
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Food and fodder
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Kharif crop
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Temperature 21°C to 27°C
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Old alluvial soil
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In Bihar - grown in rabi season also.
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Karnataka, UP, Bihar, AP & MP
Pulses
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Largest producer and consumer in world
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Protein source
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Tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram
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All leguminous (nitrogen fixation) except tur
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Can grow in dry conditions
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MP, UP, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka
Sugarcane
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Tropical & subtropical crop
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Hot and humid climate
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Temperature of 21°C to 27°C
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Annual rainfall between 75cm-100 cm
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India second after Brazil
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UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, AP, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana
Oilseeds
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Largest producer in the world
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12% of total area
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Groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower
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Groundnut – kharif, accounts for 50% of oilseeds, Largest is AP then T. Nadu, Karnataka & Gujarat
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Linseed & Mustard – Rabi (mainly Maharashtra)
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Sesamum - kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India.
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Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.
Tea
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Plantation
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Beverage crop
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Now owned by Indians
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Tropical and sub-tropical climates
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Deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter
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Warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year
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Frequent showers evenly year round for growth of tender leaves.
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Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri in WB, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
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HP, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura
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Largest producer as well as exporter
Coffee
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4% of world production
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Arabica variety brought from Yemen
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Started in Babubudan hills
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Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Horticulture
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Largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world
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13% of world’s vegetables
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Mangoes of Maharashtra, AP, UP, WB
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Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)
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Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
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Litchi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
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Pineapples of Meghalaya
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Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
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Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of J & K and HP
Rubber
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Equatorial crop
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5th in world in natural rubber production
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Moist and humid climate
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Rainfall of more than 200 cm
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Temperature above 25°C
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Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya
Fibers
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Cotton – 3rd largest in world, dry black soil of Deccan, high temp, light rain, 210 frost free days, kharif, 6-8 months to mature; Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP, Karnataka, AP, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and UP
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Jute – golden fiber, well-drained soil, high temp., West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya – high cost & now shift to nylon
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Hemp
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Silk – Silkworms – sericulture
Reforms
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Collectization
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Consolidation of holdings – 1st Five Year Plan
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Cooperation
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Abolition of zamindari
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Green & White Revolution – but concentrated to few areas
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Crop insurance & Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS)
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Grameen banks
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Cheap loans & Kisan credit cards
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Gandhiji- Gram Swarajya
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Vinoba Bhave – Bhoodan- Gramdam (bloodless revolution) – 80 acre land by Ram Chandra Reddy t0 80 landless laborers
Agriculture - Role in Economy
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Share in GDP declining since 1951
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Employment to 263 million people (with >50% as agri. laborers)
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Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
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Agricultural universities
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Veterinary services and animal breeding centers
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Horticulture development; R & D
Issues
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Farmers facing international competition
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Decrease in subsidies
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Decrease in import duties on agricultural products
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Farmers withdrawing investment from agriculture
Food Security
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To the remote areas
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By Buffer stock & PDS (at subsidized price by ration shops) by FCI
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FCI provides Minimum Support Price to farmers
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Food to common man at affordable rate
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Increase food production
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Free trade in grains for massive employment
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Shift from food crops to fruits & vegetables – led to decrease in land under crop
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Fertilizers shows good result but now are culprits of land degradation
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Unsustainable pumping – reduced water in aquifers
Globalization
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Cotton belts – attracted Britishers (Manchester & Liverpool)
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Champaran – farmers forced to grow indigo & no foodgrains for families
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Improve marginal farmers
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Gene Revolution – genetic engineering – hybrid seeds
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Organic farming – neem leaves
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Diverse crops from cereal to high value crops like fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, vegetables (import cereal & export like Italy & Israel)
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Bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less irrigation than rice or sugarcane
-Manishika