NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 4: Agriculture YouTube Lecture Handouts

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Chapter 4: Agriculture

• 2/3^rd people in agriculture

• Food grains

• Raw material for industry

Primitive Farming

• In small areas

• Primitive tools – hoe, sticks

• Monsoon dependent

• Slash and burn agriculture

• ‘Milpa’ in Mexico

• ‘Masole’ in Central Africa

• ‘Conuco’ in Venzuela

• ‘Roca’ in Brazil

• ‘Ladang’ in Indonesia

• ‘Ray’ in Vietnam

• Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in Madhya Pradesh

• ‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh

• ‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Orissa

• ‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats

• ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ in SE Rajasthan

• ‘Khil’ in the Himalayan belt

• ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand

• ‘Jhumming’ in the North-eastern region

• Pamlou in Manipur

• Dipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Intensive Subsistence Farming

• High population

• Labor intensive

• More chemicals and irrigation

• Small landholdings- division of land

Commercial Farming

• High HYV, fertilizer, chemicals

• Large land

• Mechanized

• Rice - commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab; in Orissa- subsistence

Plantation Cropping

• Single crop over large area

• interface of agriculture and industry

• Large land

• Capital intensive

• Migrant laborers

• Tea in Assam and N. Bengal

• Coffee in Karnataka

• Good transport to reach market – Market oriented

Paddy (3 Crops in Assam, Bihar & Orissa - Aus, Aman and Boro), Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Tur, Moong, Urad, Cotton, Jute, Groundnut and Soyabean

Rice

• Largest after China

• Kharif crop

• High temperature (above 25°C) and high humidity

• Annual rainfall above 100 cm (if less – irrigation)

• Plains of north and NE India, coast & deltaic region

• By canal & tubewell in Raj, Punjab, Haryana & west UP

Wheat

• Second after rice

• North and NW India

• Rabi crop

• Cool growing season

• Bright sunshine at ripening

• Rain 50-75 cm

• 2 zones - Ganga-Satluj plains in NW & black soil in Deccan

• Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP

Millets

• Jowar, bajra, ragi – coarse grains - High nutrition

• Jowar – 3^rd in area & production, rain-fed, in moist areas

• Jowar – Largest producer is Maharashtra; Karnataka, AP & MP

• Bajra - sandy & shallow black soil

• Bajra – Largest is Rajasthan; then UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat & Haryana

• Ragi – Dry, grows on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils; has iron, calcium & roughage

• Ragi – Largest is Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, also in HP, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh

Maize

• Food and fodder

• Kharif crop

• Temperature 21°C to 27°C

• Old alluvial soil

• In Bihar - grown in rabi season also.

• Karnataka, UP, Bihar, AP & MP

Pulses

• Largest producer and consumer in world

• Protein source

• Tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram

• All leguminous (nitrogen fixation) except tur

• Can grow in dry conditions

• MP, UP, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka

Sugarcane

• Tropical & subtropical crop

• Hot and humid climate

• Temperature of 21°C to 27°C

• Annual rainfall between 75cm-100 cm

• India second after Brazil

• UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, AP, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana

Oilseeds

• Largest producer in the world

• 12% of total area

• Groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower

• Groundnut – kharif, accounts for 50% of oilseeds, Largest is AP then T. Nadu, Karnataka & Gujarat

• Linseed & Mustard – Rabi (mainly Maharashtra)

• Sesamum - kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India.

• Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.

Tea

• Plantation

• Beverage crop

• Now owned by Indians

• Tropical and sub-tropical climates

• Deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter

• Warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year

• Frequent showers evenly year round for growth of tender leaves.

• Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri in WB, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

• HP, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura

• Largest producer as well as exporter

Coffee

• 4% of world production

• Arabica variety brought from Yemen

• Started in Babubudan hills

• Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu

Horticulture

• Largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world

• 13% of world’s vegetables

• Mangoes of Maharashtra, AP, UP, WB

• Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)

• Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu

• Litchi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar

• Pineapples of Meghalaya

• Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra

• Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of J & K and HP

Rubber

• Equatorial crop

• 5^th in world in natural rubber production

• Moist and humid climate

• Rainfall of more than 200 cm

• Temperature above 25°C

• Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya

Fibers

• Cotton – 3^rd largest in world, dry black soil of Deccan, high temp, light rain, 210 frost free days, kharif, 6-8 months to mature; Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP, Karnataka, AP, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and UP

• Jute – golden fiber, well-drained soil, high temp., West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya – high cost & now shift to nylon

• Hemp

• Silk – Silkworms – sericulture

Reforms

• Collectization

• Consolidation of holdings – 1^st Five Year Plan

• Cooperation

• Abolition of zamindari

• Green & White Revolution – but concentrated to few areas

• Crop insurance & Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS)

• Grameen banks

• Cheap loans & Kisan credit cards

• Gandhiji- Gram Swarajya

• Vinoba Bhave – Bhoodan- Gramdam (bloodless revolution) – 80 acre land by Ram Chandra Reddy t0 80 landless laborers

Agriculture - Role in Economy

• Share in GDP declining since 1951

• Employment to 263 million people (with >50% as agri. laborers)

• Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

• Agricultural universities

• Veterinary services and animal breeding centers

• Horticulture development; R & D

Issues

• Farmers facing international competition

• Decrease in subsidies

• Decrease in import duties on agricultural products

• Farmers withdrawing investment from agriculture

Food Security

• To the remote areas

• By Buffer stock & PDS (at subsidized price by ration shops) by FCI

• FCI provides Minimum Support Price to farmers

• Food to common man at affordable rate

• Increase food production

• Free trade in grains for massive employment

• Shift from food crops to fruits & vegetables – led to decrease in land under crop

• Fertilizers shows good result but now are culprits of land degradation

• Unsustainable pumping – reduced water in aquifers

Globalization

• Cotton belts – attracted Britishers (Manchester & Liverpool)

• Champaran – farmers forced to grow indigo & no foodgrains for families

• Improve marginal farmers

• Gene Revolution – genetic engineering – hybrid seeds

• Organic farming – neem leaves

• Diverse crops from cereal to high value crops like fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, vegetables (import cereal & export like Italy & Israel)

• Bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less irrigation than rice or sugarcane

-Manishika