NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 2: New Kings and Kingdoms YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 2: New Kings and Kingdoms
- Samanta Maha-Samanta or Maha-Mandaleshwara (great lord of circle)
- Rashtrakuta were subordinate to Chalukyas (Karnataka) – Dantidurga (Rashtrakuta chief) performed hiranya-garbha (golden womb) with Brahamanas – rebirth of Kshatriya
- Kadamba Mayurasharman (Karnataka) & Gurjara-Pratihara Harichandra (Rajasthan) were Brahmanas who became warriors
- Vishnu as Narasimha, man-lion – Ellora cave – Rashtrakuta
- Gurjara-Pratihara style of temple building - Khajuraho (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
Administration
- Title: Maharaja-adhiraja (great king, overlord of kings)
- Title: Tribhuvana-chakravartin (lord of the three worlds)
- Tax: Vetti - taken not in cash but in the form of forced labour
- Tax: Kadamai or land revenue
Tax to:
- Finance establishment
- Construct temples
- Fight wars
Kings Rewarded Brahamanas with Grant of Land – on Copper Plates (With Royal Seal) – Partly Sanskrit & Tamil
Warfare
- Gurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties fought for control over Kannauj – 3 parties - “tripartite struggle”
- Power demonstration by Big Temples
- Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan (997 to 1030) - Central Asia, Iran and NW India – raided Somnath – had scholar Al-Biruni wrote Kitab-al-Hind (consulted Sanskrit scholars)
- Chahamanas (Chauhans) - Delhi and Ajmer – attempted to control Chalukyas of Gujarat & Gahadavalas of western UP. Prithviraja III (1168 - 1192) - defeated Afghan ruler Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191, but lost to him in 1192
Cholas
- Muttaraiyar held power in the Kaveri delta - subordinate to Pallava kings of Kanchipuram
- Vijayalaya (from ancient chiefly family of Cholas from Uraiyur) - captured delta from Muttaraiyar in the middle of 9th century & build Thanjavur town and temple for goddess Nishumbhasudini
- Rajaraja-I – most powerful ruler of Cholas – king in 985 – his son Rajendra I did navy expeditions and expanded kingdom
- Temples – Center of Craft (Thanjavur & Gangaikonda-cholapuram temples built by Rajaraja and Rajendra)
- Chola bronze images - amongst the finest in the world (mainly deities & also devotees)
- Channels with fertile soil - agriculture & rice production
Agriculture
- Forest cleared
- Land levelled
- Embankments made to prevent flooding
- Canal construction – irrigation
- Tanks – rainwater collection
Administration in Cholas
- Ur: Settlement of peasants
- Nadu: Group of villages (justice & tax collection) – supervised by Vellala caste (rich peasants)
- Rich landowner′s titles - muvendavelan (velan or peasant serving three kings) , araiyar (chief) – in respect
- Land
- Vellanvagai: land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors
- Brahmadeya: land gifted to Brahmanas
- Shalabhoga: land for the maintenance of a school
- Devadana, tirunamattukkani: land gifted to temples
- Pallichchhandam: land donated to Jaina institutions
Requirements for Members of Sabha
- Owners of land from which land revenue is collected.
- Own homes.
- Age 35 to 70 years
- Knowledge of the Vedas.
- Well-versed in administrative matters and honest.
- If anyone has been a member of any committee in the last three years, he cannot become a member of another committee.
- Anyone who has not submitted his accounts, as well as those of his relatives, cannot contest the elections
- Periyapuranam 12th Century Tamil work – On lives of ordinary men and women
- China – Tang Dynasty (300 years from 7th to 10th century) – Capital Xi՚an - administered by bureaucracy recruited by an examination – till 1911.
✍ Manishika