NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 1: Resources & Development YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 1: Resources and Development
NCERT Class 10 Geography
Chapter 1: Resources & Development
Resource Classification
- Based on origin
- Biotic
- Abiotic
- Based on exhaustibility
- Renewable
- Non-renewable
- Based on ownership
- Individual β plantation, pastures
- Community β grazing ground, village ponds
- National β road, canal, railways
- International - EEZ
- Based on status of development
- Potential β found but unutilized β Raj & Guj (wind and solar)
- Developed - technology and feasibility
- Stock β no technology to harness them - hydrogen
- Reserves - subset of stock used with existing technology β water in dam or forest is reserve now but can be used in future
Problem of Resource Development
- Depletion of resources
- Accumulation of resources
- Indiscriminate exploitation of resources
Remedial Measures
- Equitable distribution of resources
- Sustainable development
- Rio de Janeiro Summit, 1992 β Agenda 21 β combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation
Resource Planning in India
- Identification and inventory of resources
- Evolving planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up
- Matching resource development plans with overall national development plans
- Rich resource regions β attraction for colonies
Resource Conservation
- There is enough for everybodyΥs need and not for any bodyΥs greed
- 1968 β Club of Rome β resource conservation
- 1974 β Schumacher - book βSmall is Beautifulβ
- 1987- Brundtland Commission Report β Sustainable Development - Our Common Future
Land Resource
- 43% plains β Agriculture
- 30%- Mountains
- 27% Plateau β Minerals and fossils
- 3.28 million sq km β land use data for only 93% is known (rest in Assam & PoK)
- Net sown area β 80% in Punjab & Haryana; 10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur & A & N. Is.
- Forest Area β 33% as per National Forest Policy, 1952
- Wasteland β rocky, arid and desert lands
- 95% basic needs form land
- Forests
- Land not available for cultivation
- Barren and waste land
- Land put to non-agricultural uses, e. g. buildings, roads, factories, etc.
- Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
- Permanent pastures and grazing land,
- Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area)
- Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years)
- Fallow lands
- Current fallow- (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year)
- Other than current fallow- (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years)
- Net sown area: Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area
General Land use Categories 1960 - 61 | General Land use Categories 2002 - 03 |
---|---|
Forest | Culturable Waste Land |
Barren and waste land | Fallows other than Current Fallow |
Area under non-agricultural use | Current Fallow |
Permanent Pastures and Grazing land Area under misc. - Tree crop and Groves | Net Sown Area |
Land Degradation
- Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa β Mining
- Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra β Overgrazing
- Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh β Overirrigation
Mitigate Land Degradation
- Afforestation
- Proper management of grazing
- Planting of shelter belts of plants
- Control on over grazing
- Stabilization of sand dunes
- Management of waste lands
- Control of mining activities
- Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes
Soil Classification in India - Alluvial
- Most widespread, north, river and deltas β Duars, Chao, Terai
- Bangar β Old, more kankar nodules
- Khadar β New, finer and fertile
- Has potash, phosphoric acid and lime
- Sugarcane, paddy, wheat
- Intensively cultivated
- Densely populated
Black Soil
- Black
- Called regur soil
- Good for cotton
- Deccan and basaltic rock
- Lava flow
- Malwa, MP, Chhattisgarh
- Fine Clay, can hold moisture
- Rich in CaCO3, Mg, potash & lime
- Poor in phosphorous
- Deep cracks in hot weather
- Sticky when wet
Red & Yellow Soil
- On crystalline igneous rocks
- In low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
- In Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern of mid-Ganga plain, piedmont zone of Western Ghats.
- Red due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks
- Yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form
Laterite Soil
- From Latin βlaterβ meaning Brick
- High rain & high temperature
- Result of intense leaching due to rain
- Low humus
- Good for manure and fertilizers
- Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, MP, hilly areas of Orissa and Assam
- Red laterite soils - Tamil Nadu, AP and Kerala β Cashew nuts
Arid Soil
- Red to Brown
- Sandy and saline
- Dry climate, high temp. , fast evaporation
- Lower horizons with kankar nodules
Forest Soil
- Hills and mountains
- Loam and silt in valley sides
- Coarse in upper slopes
- In snow covered areas β acidic with low humus
- Soil in lower valleys and alluvial fans - fertile
Soil Erosion
- Deforestation
- Over-grazing
- Construction and mining
- Running water makes channels β gullies
- Land unfit for cultivation β Badlands (Chambal)
- Top soil is washed away β sheet erosion
Conservation
- Contour Ploughing β decrease flow β along contour lines
- Terrace cultivation β restrict erosion (W. & C. Himalayas)
- Strip Cropping β large fields to strips
- Shelter belts β rows of trees β stabilize sand dunes
- PeopleΥs management β Sukhomanjari village & Jhabua
β Manishika