NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 4: Agriculture YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 4: Agriculture
Chapter 4: Agriculture
- 2⟋3rd people in agriculture
- Food grains
- Raw material for industry
Primitive Farming
- In small areas
- Primitive tools – hoe, sticks
- Monsoon dependent
- Slash and burn agriculture
- ‘Milpa’ in Mexico
- ‘Masole’ in Central Africa
- ‘Conuco’ in Venzuela
- ‘Roca’ in Brazil
- ‘Ladang’ in Indonesia
- ‘Ray’ in Vietnam
- Bewar or Dahiya in Madhya Pradesh
- ‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh
- Pama Dabi or Koman or Bringa in Orissa
- ‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats
- ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ in SE Rajasthan
- ‘Khil’ in the Himalayan belt
- ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand
- ‘Jhumming’ in the North-eastern region
- Pamlou in Manipur
- Dipa in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Intensive Subsistence Farming
- High population
- Labor intensive
- More chemicals and irrigation
- Small landholdings- division of land
Commercial Farming
- High HYV, fertilizer, chemicals
- Large land
- Mechanized
- Rice - commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab; in Orissa- subsistence
Plantation Cropping
- Single crop over large area
- interface of agriculture and industry
- Large land
- Capital intensive
- Migrant laborers
- Tea in Assam and N. Bengal
- Coffee in Karnataka
- Good transport to reach market – Market oriented
Paddy (3 Crops in Assam, Bihar & Orissa - Aus, Aman and Boro) , Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Tur, Moong, Urad, Cotton, Jute, Groundnut and Soyabean
Rice
- Largest after China
- Kharif crop
- High temperature (above 25°C) and high humidity
- Annual rainfall above 100 cm (if less – irrigation)
- Plains of north and NE India, coast & deltaic region
- By canal & tubewell in Raj, Punjab, Haryana & west UP
Wheat
- Second after rice
- North and NW India
- Rabi crop
- Cool growing season
- Bright sunshine at ripening
- Rain 50 - 75 cm
- 2 zones - Ganga-Satluj plains in NW & black soil in Deccan
- Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of MP
Millets
- Jowar, bajra, ragi – coarse grains - High nutrition
- Jowar – 3rd in area & production, rain-fed, in moist areas
- Jowar – Largest producer is Maharashtra; Karnataka, AP & MP
- Bajra - sandy & shallow black soil
- Bajra – Largest is Rajasthan; then UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat & Haryana
- Ragi – Dry, grows on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils; has iron, calcium & roughage
- Ragi – Largest is Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, also in HP, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh
Maize
- Food and fodder
- Kharif crop
- Temperature 21°C to 27°C
- Old alluvial soil
- In Bihar - grown in rabi season also.
- Karnataka, UP, Bihar, AP & MP
Pulses
- Largest producer and consumer in world
- Protein source
- Tur (arhar) , urad, moong, masur, peas and gram
- All leguminous (nitrogen fixation) except tur
- Can grow in dry conditions
- MP, UP, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka
Sugarcane
- Tropical & subtropical crop
- Hot and humid climate
- Temperature of 21°C to 27°C
- Annual rainfall between 75cm-100 cm
- India second after Brazil
- UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, AP, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana
Oilseeds
- Largest producer in the world
- 12% of total area
- Groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til) , soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower
- Groundnut – kharif, accounts for 50% of oilseeds, Largest is AP then T. Nadu, Karnataka & Gujarat
- Linseed & Mustard – Rabi (mainly Maharashtra)
- Sesamum - kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India.
- Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.
Tea
- Plantation
- Beverage crop
- Now owned by Indians
- Tropical and sub-tropical climates
- Deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter
- Warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year
- Frequent showers evenly year round for growth of tender leaves.
- Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri in WB, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
- HP, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura
- Largest producer as well as exporter
Coffee
- 4% of world production
- Arabica variety brought from Yemen
- Started in Babubudan hills
- Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Horticulture
- Largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world
- 13% of world՚s vegetables
- Mangoes of Maharashtra, AP, UP, WB
- Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)
- Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
- Litchi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
- Pineapples of Meghalaya
- Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
- Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of J & K and HP
Rubber
- Equatorial crop
- 5th in world in natural rubber production
- Moist and humid climate
- Rainfall of more than 200 cm
- Temperature above 25°C
- Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya
Fibers
- Cotton – 3rd largest in world, dry black soil of Deccan, high temp, light rain, 210 frost free days, kharif, 6 - 8 months to mature; Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP, Karnataka, AP, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and UP
- Jute – golden fiber, well-drained soil, high temp. , West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya – high cost & now shift to nylon
- Hemp
- Silk – Silkworms – sericulture
Reforms
- Collectization
- Consolidation of holdings – 1st Five Year Plan
- Cooperation
- Abolition of zamindari
- Green & White Revolution – but concentrated to few areas
- Crop insurance & Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS)
- Grameen banks
- Cheap loans & Kisan credit cards
- Gandhiji- Gram Swarajya
- Vinoba Bhave – Bhoodan- Gramdam (bloodless revolution) – 80 acre land by Ram Chandra Reddy t0 80 landless laborers
Agriculture - Role in Economy
- Share in GDP declining since 1951
- Employment to 263 million people (with > 50% as agri. laborers)
- Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
- Agricultural universities
- Veterinary services and animal breeding centers
- Horticulture development; R & D
Issues
- Farmers facing international competition
- Decrease in subsidies
- Decrease in import duties on agricultural products
- Farmers withdrawing investment from agriculture
Food Security
- To the remote areas
- By Buffer stock & PDS (at subsidized price by ration shops) by FCI
- FCI provides Minimum Support Price to farmers
- Food to common man at affordable rate
- Increase food production
- Free trade in grains for massive employment
- Shift from food crops to fruits & vegetables – led to decrease in land under crop
- Fertilizers shows good result but now are culprits of land degradation
- Unsustainable pumping – reduced water in aquifers
Globalization
- Cotton belts – attracted Britishers (Manchester & Liverpool)
- Champaran – farmers forced to grow indigo & no foodgrains for families
- Improve marginal farmers
- Gene Revolution – genetic engineering – hybrid seeds
- Organic farming – neem leaves
- Diverse crops from cereal to high value crops like fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, vegetables (import cereal & export like Italy & Israel)
- Bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less irrigation than rice or sugarcane
✍ Manishika