NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 2: New Kings and Kingdoms YouTube Lecture Handouts

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NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 2: New Kings and Kingdoms

Illustration: NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 2: New Kings and Kingdoms YouTube Lecture Handouts
  • Samanta Maha-Samanta or Maha-Mandaleshwara (great lord of circle)
  • Rashtrakuta were subordinate to Chalukyas (Karnataka) – Dantidurga (Rashtrakuta chief) performed hiranya-garbha (golden womb) with Brahamanas – rebirth of Kshatriya
  • Kadamba Mayurasharman (Karnataka) & Gurjara-Pratihara Harichandra (Rajasthan) were Brahmanas who became warriors
  • Vishnu as Narasimha, man-lion – Ellora cave – Rashtrakuta
  • Gurjara-Pratihara style of temple building - Khajuraho (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

Administration

  • Title: Maharaja-adhiraja (great king, overlord of kings)
  • Title: Tribhuvana-chakravartin (lord of the three worlds)
  • Tax: Vetti - taken not in cash but in the form of forced labour
  • Tax: Kadamai or land revenue

Tax to:

  • Finance establishment
  • Construct temples
  • Fight wars

Kings Rewarded Brahamanas with Grant of Land – on Copper Plates (With Royal Seal) – Partly Sanskrit & Tamil

Illustration: Kings Rewarded Brahamanas with Grant of Land – on Copper Plates (With Royal Seal) – Partly Sanskrit & Tamil

Warfare

  • Gurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties fought for control over Kannauj – 3 parties - “tripartite struggle”
  • Power demonstration by Big Temples
  • Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan (997 to 1030) - Central Asia, Iran and NW India – raided Somnath – had scholar Al-Biruni wrote Kitab-al-Hind (consulted Sanskrit scholars)
  • Chahamanas (Chauhans) - Delhi and Ajmer – attempted to control Chalukyas of Gujarat & Gahadavalas of western UP. Prithviraja III (1168 - 1192) - defeated Afghan ruler Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191, but lost to him in 1192

Cholas

Illustration: Cholas
  • Muttaraiyar held power in the Kaveri delta - subordinate to Pallava kings of Kanchipuram
  • Vijayalaya (from ancient chiefly family of Cholas from Uraiyur) - captured delta from Muttaraiyar in the middle of 9th century & build Thanjavur town and temple for goddess Nishumbhasudini
  • Rajaraja-I – most powerful ruler of Cholas – king in 985 – his son Rajendra I did navy expeditions and expanded kingdom
  • Temples – Center of Craft (Thanjavur & Gangaikonda-cholapuram temples built by Rajaraja and Rajendra)
  • Chola bronze images - amongst the finest in the world (mainly deities & also devotees)
  • Channels with fertile soil - agriculture & rice production

Agriculture

  • Forest cleared
  • Land levelled
  • Embankments made to prevent flooding
  • Canal construction – irrigation
  • Tanks – rainwater collection

Administration in Cholas

  • Ur: Settlement of peasants
  • Nadu: Group of villages (justice & tax collection) – supervised by Vellala caste (rich peasants)
  • Rich landowner′s titles - muvendavelan (velan or peasant serving three kings) , araiyar (chief) – in respect
  • Land
  • Vellanvagai: land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors
  • Brahmadeya: land gifted to Brahmanas
  • Shalabhoga: land for the maintenance of a school
  • Devadana, tirunamattukkani: land gifted to temples
  • Pallichchhandam: land donated to Jaina institutions

Requirements for Members of Sabha

  • Owners of land from which land revenue is collected.
  • Own homes.
  • Age 35 to 70 years
  • Knowledge of the Vedas.
  • Well-versed in administrative matters and honest.
  • If anyone has been a member of any committee in the last three years, he cannot become a member of another committee.
  • Anyone who has not submitted his accounts, as well as those of his relatives, cannot contest the elections
  • Periyapuranam 12th Century Tamil work – On lives of ordinary men and women
  • China – Tang Dynasty (300 years from 7th to 10th century) – Capital Xi՚an - administered by bureaucracy recruited by an examination – till 1911.

Manishika