NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 9: Vital Villages, Thriving Towns YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 9: Vital Villages, Thriving Towns
Iron Tools
- Around 3000 years ago
- Found in megalithic burials
- Axes and iron ploughshare
Irrigation
- Canals, wells, tanks, and artificial lakes
- More production
- More revenue
- Can pay taxes
Village Life – South
- Large landowners: vellalar
- Ordinary ploughmen: uzhavar
- Landless labourers & slaves: kadaisiyar & adimai
Village Life – North
- Headman: Grama bhojaka – Large Landowner – hired slaves, taxed, acted as judge
- Independent farmers: Grihapatis
- Dasas & Kammakaras
Sangam Literature
Sangam | Place of Organisation | Chairman | Kingdom | Books |
---|---|---|---|---|
First | Thenmadurai | Agastya | Pandiya | No books survived |
Second | Kapatapuram | Earlier – Agastya Later – Tolkappiyar (a disciple of Agastaya) | Pandiya | Tolkappiyam (author – Tolkappiyar) |
Third | Madurai | Nakkirar | Pandiya | Covers entire corpus of Sangam Literature |
- 2300 years ago
- Composed in assemblies
- Held in Madurai
Life in Cities
- Jatakas: Stories by local people (STORY)
- Written down by Buddhist Monks
- Sculptor carved scenes
- Capitals of Mahajanapadas
- Rows of pots or ring wells (used as toilets, garbage dumps)
- No remains of palaces, markets and homes – made of wood or mud
- Account of travelers and sailors
Coins
- Earliest – Punched marked (Silver or copper)
Crafts
- Northern Black Polished Ware
- Craft associations: Shrenis
Arikamedu
- Pottery: Mediterranean region – amphorae (tall double-handled jars that contained liquids)
- Stamped red-glazed pottery: Arretine Ware - named after city in Italy.
- Pottery – Roman designs, Roman lamps, glassware and gems.
- Small tank to dye cloths
Rome
- Contemporary to Ganga valley
- Capital of empires — Europe, North Africa, and West Asia
- Augustus – Emperor (made city of brick to marble)
- Amphitheaters & open arenas
- Huge aqueducts — channels to supply water for baths, fountains and toilets.
✍ Manishika