NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 3: Poverty as Challenge YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 9 Economics Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge
NCERT Class 9 Economics
Chapter 3: Poverty as Challenge
Facts β βRoti, Kapda Aur Makanβ
- One third of worldΥs poor in India
- 1 in 11 child are working
- Half of child deaths under 5 are due to malnutrition
- UNICEF β 46% of all children below 3 years are too small, 47% are underweight & 16% are wasted
- Poorest pockets - Rajasthan, MP, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal
- In of IndiaΥs Population is BPL (by MDGs)
- One in every four is poor
- India as single largest concentration of poor in world
- Global Wealth Report 2016 by Credit Suisse Research Institute: India is the second most unequal country in world with top 1% with 60% total wealth
Definition
- No one definition - No Car in USA (Poverty) ; Car in India (Luxury)
- Based on calories β 2400/day (Rural) & 2100/day (Urban) β Rural have more physical work
- In 2000, by income β βΉ 328/month (rural) & βΉ 454/moth (urban)
- In 2000, family of 5 income β βΉ 1640/moth (rural) & βΉ 2,270/month (urban)
- These conducted by National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)
Definition
- World Bank: International poverty line as purchasing power parity at $ 1.25 per day
- 1971 β Dandekar & Rath β based on calories consumption
- 2001 β Alkire - Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) - 6.25% weight to assets owned by a person & 33% weight on education years spent in school
- Determined by income level & consumption
- Now focus on social indicators β like illiteracy
- Further on social exclusion β where poor is excluded from social equality (it is both cause & consequence)
% Population on Less Than $ 1.25 Per Day
Issues Related to Poverty
- Landlessness
- Unemployment
- Size of families
- Illiteracy
- Poor health/malnutrition
- Child labor
- Helplessness
Poverty in Vulnerable Groups β 2000
- Hunger
- Lack of Shelter
- Lack of resource to spend on education
- Lack of clean water
- Lack of sanitation
- Ill-Treated
- Mahatma Gandhi: India would be truly independent only when the poorest of its people become free of human suffering
- Vulnerability β greater probability of certain community to remain poor in coming years
Causes of Poverty
- British Rule
- Rural economy
- Income inequality
- Heavy pressure on population
- Unemployment and underemployment
- Lack of industrialization
- Social factors
- IndiaΥs economic policy
- Neo liberal policies and effects
- Less job opportunities
- Unequal distribution of assets
- Lack of land resources
Poverty Cycle
Poverty β State-Wise (2004 - 05 to 2011 - 12)
- Odisha & Bihar β Sharpest drop
- Odisha β 57% in 2004 - 05 to 32.6% in 2011 - 12
- Among BIMARU states β Only Rajasthan better than national average
- Rural β 326 million to 217 million
- Urban β 81 million to 53 million
- Punjab & Haryana β by agriculture
- Kerala in HRD
- West Bengal β Land reforms
- Andhra Pradesh & Tamil Nadu - PDS
BPL AS % of Total Population | ||
---|---|---|
State | 2004 - 05 | 2011 - 12 |
Worst 5 | ||
Chhattisgarh | 49.4 | 39.93 |
Jharkhand | 45.3 | 36.96 |
Manipur | 37.9 | 36.89 |
Arunachal Pradesh | 31.4 | 34.67 |
Bihar | 54.4 | 33.74 |
BEST 5 | ||
Goa | 24.9 | 5.09 |
Kerala | 19.6 | 7.05 |
Himachal Pradesh | 22.9 | 8.06 |
Punjab | 20.9 | 8.26 |
Pondicherry | 14.2 | 9.69 |
Poverty β Global Scenario
- Decrease from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001
- in China & SE Asia β Economic growth & investment in HRD
- In China β 606 million (1991) to 212 (2001)
- Sub-Saharan Africa - from 41% in 1981 to 46% in 2001
- MDGs - people on les than $ 1 to half from 1990 to 2015
People Living on $ 1/Day (1980 β 2001)
Anti-Poverty Measures
- Promotion of Economic Growth β Opportunities for investment in human development, better education, better agriculture
- Targeted Anti-Poverty Programs
- National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005: Provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, extended to 600 districts with 1β3rd women. If no employment in 15 days β get daily unemployment allowance
- National Food for Work Program (NFWP) , 2004: 150 most backward districts & is for rural poor for wage employment and manual unskilled work. 100% centrally sponsored scheme and food grain are provided free of cost to the states
- Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana (PMRY) , 1993: Create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns
- Rural Employment Generation Program (REGP) , 1995: Create self-employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns with 25 lakh new jobs
- Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) , 1999: Bring assisted poor families above the poverty line by organizing them into self-help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.
- Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yozana (PMGY) , 2000: Assistance to states for basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.
- Antyodaya Anna Yozana (AAY)
Challenges Ahead
- Providing health care
- Education
- Job
- Security for all
- Gender equality
- Dignity for Poor
β Manishika