Goh Cheng Leong Chapter 24 β Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laurentian) Climate YouTube Lecture Handouts
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Goh Cheng Leong Chapter 24: Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laurentian) Climate
- Intermediate b/w British & Siberian climate
- Both maritime & continental
- Only in 2 regions
- NE USA (Maritime Province, New England & New Found land) & E. Canada or America Region
- E. Asia, E. Siberia, N. China, Manchuria, Korea & N. Japan β Asiatic Region
- π Absent in SH β small section of continents, oceanic influence and climate is equable
- π Only exception could be E. Patagonia (south of Bahia Blanca to Tierra del Fuego) β but climatic barrier and Westerlies donΥt reach as a result it has aridity & annual precipitation is less than 10 inches (rain shadow desert)
Climate
- Cold dry winters β temperature below freezing point, winds are dry westerlies from continental interiors
- Warm wet summers (has cooling effect of offshore cold currents)
- Rainfall β year round
- Distinct summer maximum from easterly winds from oceans
- Annual precipitation -30 - 60 inches and 2β3rd in summers
North American Region
- Uniform rainfall (due to Atlantic influence & Great Lakes) with later summer maximum
- Warm Gulf Stream increases moisture content of easterly winds from open Atlantic
- Westerlies across Rockies carry depression over Great Lakes to New England States β promote wet conditions in winters (good for agriculture)
- π Mixing of warm Gulf Stream & cold Labrador Current produces mist and fog & increase precipitation
- Newfoundland experience more drizzles than any other part of the world
- Summers β Westerlies bring less depression & continental influence extends till coast β temperature range , high relative humidity and prolonged heat waves
- Annual temperature range is
Asiatic Region
- Winters are cold and dry
- Summers are warm and wet
- Peking β 7 dry months from October to April (only 2.1 inch rain) which is 1β12th of annual 25 inch rain; highest in July
- Mountain interiors of China β intense heating in summer, low pressure & moisture winds from Pacific Ocean and Sea of Japan blow in SE Monsoon β also called cool temperate monsoon climate
- Long cold winters and big annual range
- Annual temperature range is
- Dry cold wind from Asia in winter carries fine yellow dust as loess in Shansi, Shensi & Hwang Ho
- Winter rain as snow in N. China, Korea, Hokkaido in Japan
- Climate modified by insularity β meeting of warm & cold currents β SE Monsoon in summer and NW monsoon in winters (dry and cold wind)
- 2 rain maxima β one in June (Plum Rain) & other in September (Typhoon Rain)
- π Warm Kuroshio & Cold Oyashio which produces mist and fog making Japan βsecond Newfoundlandβ β fishing replaces agriculture in coastlands
Natural Vegetation
- Cool temperate forest
- Heavy rain, warm summer, damp air from fog
- Coniferous trees north of latitude β forest not adaptable to cold conditions β are continuation of taiga
- Lumbering is main activity β timber as export item
- Fir, spruce and larch is seen
- Deciduous trees south of latitude β oak, beech, maple, birch β open with long growing season of 6 months & moisture for rapid growth of ferns
- Trees occur in pure stands β easy commercial exploitation
- Canada β greater reserve of coniferous softwoods
Economic Development
- Lumbering β timber, paper and pulp industries
- Agriculture β potatoes on podzolized soil, oats and barley
- Asiatic region β Soyabeans (N. China, Manchuria & Korea) , groundnut, sesame, rapeseed, tung oil and mulberry
- N. American region β dairy farming, hay cultivation, fruit growing
- Annapolis valley in Nova Scotia β worldΥs most renowned region of apples
- Fishing is common
Fishing
Newfoundland
- WorldΥs largest fishing ground on Grand Banks of Newfoundland β abundant planktons in shallow waters, gentle continental slope, fleets from Canada, USA, Norway, France, Britain, Denmark, Russia, Japan for fishing land here
- Newfoundland less than 1% is cultivated and fishing is major employment source & major export
- π Pelagic fish on surface & Demersal fish in deep waters
- Main fish is cod β consumed fresh or dried, salted, smoked or packed in ice
- Cod liver oil is exported
- Other fishes β Haddock, halibut, hake, herring, plaice, mackerel
- Trawlers, conical nets, drifters, rectangular nets are seen β equipped with radar and radio devices to move through dense fog, avoid collisions with iceberg and contact headquarters
- Offshore fishermen use traps, lines and nets β to catch crabs, lobsters, shrimps
- π Freshwater fishes β salmon, trout, eel, sturgeon
- Major fishing ports
- π . JohnΥs in Newfoundland β headquarters of Grand Banks fishing industry β known for sealing and whaling
- Halifax & Yarmouth in Nova Scotia & New England are processing plants β cut, clean, salt, preserve fish
- Highly specialized activity and overfishing is growing problem
Japan
- NW Pacific fishing area β scarcity of meat & religious practices made fish as major diet & chief source of protein
- Fish waste, fish meal and seaweeds as fertilizer in farms
- Known for seaweed cultivation
- π Pearl culture (South Japan) β shell fish called pearl oysters and highly prized pearls β lining is called as mother of pearls to manufacture pearl buttons
- Injection of tiny seeds in oysters are made to secrete pearl material which accumulates as cultured pearls
- Known for whaling fleet β return to coast only for refueling or replenishment of fresh provisions
- Japan known for 1β6th of total fish catch in world, greatest fishing nation
π Japan developed as Major Fishing Nation
- 80% land in non-agricultural β so Japan needs to take to sea
- Continental shelf are rich in planktons
- Meeting of cold and warm currents
- Indented coastline β sheltered fishing port, calm water, safe landing and ideal fishing
- Hokkaido β climate too cold & fishing becomes primary
- Hakote & Kushiro β large fishing ports and refrigeration facilities
- Lack of lowlands and pastures
- Main source of protein
- Local demand and export purpose
- From small boats, nets, traps and lines to commercial deep sea demersal fishing which is highly mechanized with trawlers & refrigeration plants
- Major center for marine and fishing research
β Manishika