Goh Cheng Leong Chapter 21 β Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China) Climate YouTube Lecture Handouts
Doorsteptutor material for competitive exams is prepared by world's top subject experts: get questions, notes, tests, video lectures and more- for all subjects of your exam.
Get video tutorial on: Examrace YouTube Channel
Goh Cheng Leong Chapter 21: Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China) Climate
- More rainfall than Mediterranean in summer
- Modified monsoonal climate β Temperate monsoon or China type
- Also known as Gulf climate
- Seen in SE USA, New South Wales (Eucalyptus) , Natal (cane sugar) , Parana-Paraguay-Uruguay (maize)
- Onshore trade winds year round β without monsoonal variation β Natal type Climate
Climate
- Warm moist summer & cool dry winters
- - Strongly modified by maritime influence
- Cold air from interior can bring down the temperature
- Relative humidity β high in mid-summer when heat becomes oppressive
- Rainfall is more than moderate β 25 - 60 inches
- Good for agriculture and variety of crops
- Densely populated
- Uniform rainfall throughout the year (except Central China with distinct dry season)
- Rain by convectional source or orographic rain in summer & by depressions in prolonged showers in winter
3 Types of Regions
China Type
- Central and North China including South Japan
- Great landmass induce pressure change between summer & winter
- Intense heat in Heart of Asia creates low pressure in summer & brings SE monsoon β causing heavy rain (not that sudden & heavy as in India)
- Winter β pressure gradient b/w cold Mongolia & Siberia & warm Pacific β outflow of air as NW monsoon (cold & dry with little rain with snow on windward slope of Shantung)
- Has great annual range of temperature upto (Nanking) and even greater upto (Changan) in north while in warmer south the range is narrow upto (Hong Kong)
- Occurrence of Typhoons β intense tropical cyclone in Pacific Ocean and move westward bordering South China Sea β common in late summer (July to Sept. β most disastrous) β E. g. , Swatow typhoon in 1922 β huge waves affecting 50,000 inhabitants
Gulf Type
- SE USA β similar to China type β with less monsoonal characteristics
- No complete seasonal reversal of wind as pressure gradient b/w America & Atlantic is less marked
- Narrow range of temperature β due to Gulf Stream and on-shore trade winds
- Summers as warm & pleasant (Miami as holiday resort - rarely snows in winter)
- Heavy rainfall with no distinct dry period β abundant moisture & excess cultivation of cotton (cotton belts) and maize (corn belts)
- Thunderstorms in summer & hurricanes in Sept & Oct
- Some places β Montgomery (Alabama) β secondary maximum in late winter when cyclonic activities are greatest
- Tornadoes due to intense local heating β follow narrow path but leave trail of destruction
Natal Type
- Includes Natal, Eastern Australia & Brazil-Paraguay-Uruguay & Northern Argentina β all warm temperate eastern climate in southern hemisphere
- No monsoonal characteristics β narrowness of continent and dominance of maritime influence
- South East Trade winds bring even distribution of rainfall β mean monthly rainfall of 4 inches and annual amount of 48 inches (Durban β 45 inches to Asuncion β 52 inches)
- Depression along southern edges lead to autumn or winter maximum (wettest month from March to July)
- Small annual temperature range ()
- Good for agriculture
- Violent local storms
- Southerly Buster (Cold wind along coast of New South Wales)
- Pampero (cold wind along Argentina and Uruguay)
- Berg (hot, dry wind in eastern Africa) β comparable to Fohn or Chinook β bring unpleasant high temperature and oppressive weather
Natural Vegetation
- Eastern margins have more rainfall β looks green all the time
- Lowlands β broadleaved forests & deciduous trees
- Highlands β Conifers (pines and cypress)
- Home to timber species
- Eastern Australia β Eucalyptus (scanty foliage & thick fern undergrowth) in Australian Alps of Victoria & Blue Mountains of New South Wales
- S. America β Parana pine, quebracho (axe-breaker, hardwood for tanning) & yerba mate (leaves used to make Paraguay tea β major export of Paraguay)
- Natal β Palm trees, chestnut, ironwood, blackwood & wattle trees (for tanning & in coal mines as pit-props)
- China & S. Japan β oak, camphor, camellia & magnolia
- SE USA β walnut, oak, hickory, maple, pines & cultivation of cotton, maize and fruits
Economic Development
- Most productive parts β summers as busiest part for farming β terraced hills and irrigated fields β most intensively tilled parts of earth
- Monsoon China & South Japan β have 1β3rd of world population β rice, tea and mulberry (sericulture)
Farming in Monsoon China
- WorldΥs greatest rice growing areas β warm climate, wet throughout year, extensive lowland, fertile moisture retentive alluvial soil, tilting of land, water is enriched during floods, add organic wastes (ash, clippings, animal dung and human waste)
- Most intensive areas β Sikiang, Yangtze Kiang & Hwang Ho (these are most densely populated as well)
- Raise wet paddy or swamp rice in flooded fields
- Farming on subsistence basis
- Double and treble (triple) cropping to increase production
- Milled rice β stable food for Orient β deficient diet
Agriculture in Gulf (America)
- Lack of population pressure
- Export crops (rice in Mississippi delta)
- Corn or Maize: humid air, sunny summer & heavy showers (from Gulf to Great Lakes)
- Corn belt β Nebraska, Ohio, Iowa & Indiana β half of worldΥs corn production but 3% export β used to fatten animals (cattles and pigs) β fattened animals sold to meat plants in Chicago & Cincinnati for slaughtering β processed as corned beef or chilled beef
- Corn is a native crop of native Indian in America but is consumed in less amount
- Corn has prolific yield (twice yield per acre compared to wheat) β so is widely cultivated
- Cotton: As plantation and cash crop (Negroes brought from Africa for cotton plantations) β hot long growing season with 200 frost free days and moderately high temperature & mature in 6 months, ample rain with annual precipitation of 40 inches
- Frequent light showers to bright sunlight gives best yields β cotton belt limited to 20 inch isohyet on west and isotherm in north. In south (Gulf lands) heavy rain damages lint.
- Gulf area - fruits, cane sugar, market gardening (Florida)
- Cotton Belts β Mississippi flood plains, Black Prairies of Texas, Red Prairies of Oklahoma & Atlantic coastland of Georgia and South Carolina (Sea Island Cotton β long stapled with fiber length of 1.5 to 2.3 inches)
- Disease affecting cotton β Boll-weevil β multiples rapidly and can breed over 10 million grubs within 1 season β responsible for westward migration of cotton belts β it affected in 1892 on eastern USA β eliminate it by aerial spraying with insecticide and burning of old cotton stalks
- Tobacco: In Gulf, native crop of America β Virginia tobacco β from Turkish tobacco, Havanna Cigar, Malaysian Cheroot β supplies raw material for worldΥs tobacco
- Humid atmosphere, warm well drained soils β in Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, N. & S. Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee
Cropping in Southern Hemisphere
- Natal: cane sugar, cotton, tobacco with irrigation practices
- Maize: used as mealie (food for Africans) & silage (animal fodder for cattle rearing) β low yield as compared to USA β crop rotation to arrest maize monoculture
- S. America β rain < 40 inches - cattle and sheep for meat, wool and hides - natural pastures as forage for cattle and sheep
- Product from cattle & sheep β 3β4th export of Uruguay β remaining export from wheat and flax
- S. Brazil - rain > 40 inches β forest replaces grasses β cultivation of Paraguay tea & lumbering of Parana pine
- Australia - Forest are cleared for settlement and dairying β milk, butter, cheese, cotton, cane sugar and maize (eastern margins were 1st to be colonized from Port Jackson or present Sydney)
β Manishika