NCERT Class 7 History Chapter 4: The Mughal Empire YouTube Lecture Handouts
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Expanded kingdom from 16th to 17th Century
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PM address Independence Day Speech from Red Fort (Residence of Mughal Emperors)
Image of Political Map of Asia
Image of Political Map of Asia
Ancestry
Babur
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Succeeded to throne at 12 years
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1st on throne of Ferghana in 1494
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Uzbegs invaded and was forced to leave
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Seized Kabul in 1504
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1526: Defeated Ibram Lodi in Battle of Panipat
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Captured Agra & Delhi
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Afghans were threat to Mughals
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1527: Defeated Rana Sanga, Rajput rulers and allies at Khanua
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1528: Defeated the Rajputs at Chanderi
Humayun
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Divided inheritance based on father’s will
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Each brother given a province
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Sher Khan defeated him at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540)
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He fled to Iran
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Got help from Safavid Shah
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Recaptured Delhi in 1555
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Died in Accident
Akbar
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Emperor at 13 years
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Under Bairam Khan – Campiagns against Suris and Afghans
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Suppressed revolt of his half-brother Mirza Hakim & Uzbegs
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1568: Sisodiya capital of Chittor was seized
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1569: Ranthambhor was seized
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Military campaigns to Gujarat, Bihar, Bengal & Odisha
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Expansion of empire to NW
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Qandahar was seized from the Safavids
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Kashmir was annexed
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Kabul annexed after death of Mirza Hakim
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Annexed Deccan, Berar, Khandesh and parts of Ahmadnagar
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Ibadat khana: various religious people discussed (religious scholars who emphasised ritual and dogma were often bigots)
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Sulh-i-Kul or universal peace – ethics, honesty and peace – was followed by Jahangir & Shah Jahan
Image of Specify Mughal Empire in Map
Image of Specify Mughal Empire In Map
Jahangir
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Sisodiya ruler of Mewar, Amar Singh accepted his rule
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Known as Prince Salim
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Wife: Nur Jahan (Mehrunnisa) – loyal & supportive – had seals and coins with her name
Shah Jahan
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Prince Khurram
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Afghan noble Khan Jahan Lodi was defeated
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Qandahar was lost to Safavids
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1632: Annexed Ahmadnagar
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Aurangzeb was victorious and his three brothers, including Dara Shukoh were killed
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Was imprisoned for the rest of his life in Agra
Aurangzeb
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1663: Ahoms defeated but rebelled again in 1680
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Initially successful against Shivaji (insulted him when he came to accept Mughal authority)
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Sent armies to Deccan
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1685: Bijapur annexed
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1687: Golconda annexed
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1698: Against Marathas who followed guerrilla warfare
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After his death, succession conflict amongst his sons
Succession
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Primogeniture: Eldest son inherited his father’s estate
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Coparcenary inheritance or division of inheritance amongst all the sons – Mughals
Relations to Other Rulers
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Jahangir’s mother: Kachhwaha princess, daughter of Rajput ruler of Amber
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Shah Jahan’s mother: Rathor princess, daughter of Rajput ruler of Marwar
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Sisodiyas did not accept Mughal authority – defeated once by Mughals but land (watan) given back as assignments (watan jagir)
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In Mughal Service: Mansabdars (hold rank mansab)
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Grading system used by Mughals to fix rank, salary & military responsibilities
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Rank & salary determined by Zat
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Higher Zat, more prestigious position with larger salary
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Maintain cavalry or sawar
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Mansabdars got salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs similar to iqtas. However, unlike muqtis, most mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs.
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Akbar’s period: jagirs were assessed
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Aurangzeb’s period: actual sum was less than granted sum & huge number of mansabdars. Long wait & shortage of jagirs. Peasantry suffered a lot.
Zabt & Zamindars
Major tax was on produce of peasantry
Taxes paid by rural elite
Zamindars were intermediaries
Todarmal (revenue minister of Akbar) carried crop survey – tax fixed on each crop in cash
Province divided into revenue circle with revenue rates – Zabt – not possible in Gujarat & Bengal
Provinces divided into subas & subas had subedars (political & military functions), diwans (financial)
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Military paymaster (bakhshi)
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Minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (sadr)
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Military commanders (faujdars)
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Town police commander (kotwal)
Abul Fazal wrote Akbar Nama in 3 volumes
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Volume 1: Akbar’s ancestors
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Volume 2: Event of Akbar’s reign
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Volume 3: Ain-i-Akbari – Administration and revenue & cultural details – statistics on crops and yields
Shah Jahan period: 5.6% mansabdars received 61.5% of total revenue.
Most income was spent on salary and goods – benefitted artisans and peasantry
Poorest lived from hand to mouth – economic strata created
Mughal elite became very powerful
Mughals declined and servants became powerful – dynasties like Awadh and Hyderabad came into power
Worldwide
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Queen Elizabeth I (dynasty Tudors) – conflict b/w Catholics and Protestants (reformed church) – tried to establish independence of Church of England from Rome
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Conflicted with Phillip II from Spain & defeated them
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Supported playwrighters like Shakespeare & poets like Edward Spenser (wrote epic poem called The Faerie Queene in her praise)
Contemporaries of Akbar
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Ottoman Turkey, Sultan Suleyman: Al-Qanuni or lawgiver (1520-1566)
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Safavid ruler of Iran: Shah Abbas (1588-1629)
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Russian ruler, Czar Ivan IV Vasilyevich or “Ivan the terrible” (1530-1584)
-Manishika