NET, IAS, State-SET (KSET, WBSET, MPSET, etc.), GATE, CUET, Olympiads etc.: Nuclear Reaction and Atomic Energy
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Nuclear Reaction
- A nuclear reaction is one in which a nucleus bombarded with an elementary particle (like neutron, proton, etc.) or with another nucleus to produce other products in a very short time span.
- The First nuclear reaction was discovered by Rutherford in 1919, when he bombarded nitrogen with alpha particles.
Nuclear Fission
- Nuclear fission is the fragmentation of a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei and the liberation large amount of energy.
- In 1939 the German scientists Otto Hahn and F Steersman observed that when uranium was bombarded with slow neutrons, then two smaller products were obtained with a tremendous amount of heat.
- The splitting of uranium was called nuclear fission.
Types of Nuclear Fission
- Controlled nuclear fission Carried out in nuclear reactors in which rate of fission reaction is reduced and energy produced can be used for constructive purposes.
- Uncontrolled nuclear fission In an atom bomb uncontrolled fission takes place. A very large amount of heat is produced and the process continues until the entire amount of fissionable material is exhausted.
First Atom Bomb
- On August 6,1945, an atom bomb was dropped on Hiroshima city in Japan.
- The second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, another city of Japan on August 9,1945. The bomb was made of plutonium - 239.
Nuclear Fusion
- It is nuclear reaction in which lighter nuclei fuse to form a nucleus of greater mass.
- In this reaction also an enormous amount of heat is produced.
- By carrying on nuclear fusion under controlled conditions, the large amount of energy could be made available for useful purpose.
Atomic Energy (Nuclear Energy)
- Energy produced by nuclear fission or nuclear fusion is called nuclear energy or atomic energy.
- In nuclear reactions there is loss of mass. This mass is converted into energy. It can be transformed into electrical and mechanical energy which can be used for various peaceful purposes.