Factors of Social Change by Yogendra Singh, Little and Great Tradition and Agents of Social Change
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Factors of Social Change by Yogendra Singh
Endogenous
- Little and Great tradition
- Sanskritization
Exogenous
- Islamization
- Modernization
- Westernization
Little and Great Tradition
- Robert Redfield
- Yucatan tribe of Mexico
Great Traditions or Universalization
- universally accepted by elites
- Source is literature
- E. g. Ramayana
Little Tradition or Parochializing
- Local
- No literature source
- Passed from one generation to another
Sanskritization
- M. N. Srinivas
- Rampura, Mysore
- Lower caste imitates practices of higher caste
- Upward โculturalโ mobility
Islamization
- 12th Century A. D.
- Structural and cultural changes
- Food, purdah, architecture, etc.
- Ganga- Jamuni Tehzeeb (fusion of Hindu and Muslim cultural and religious elements)
Modernization
- Adopting modern ways of living and values
- Less developed societies acquire characteristics of more developed societies
- To adapt to the present time, styles and ways of living in general l
- E. g. food habits, dressing, speaking style, choice, ideas, etc.
Westernization
- M. N. Srinivas preferred the term westernization over modernization
- Changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of British rule in India
- Yogendra Singh defended Modernization
- It is not confined to one society but is a cultural universal term
Agents of Social Change
- Mass communication
- Education
- Charismatic leadership
- Industrialization
Types
- Absolute change
- Relative change
- Latent change
- Manifest change
Problems of Social Change
- Reactionary institutions are resistant to change e. g. Institutions, traditions, religion, etc.
- Orthodox and intolerant
- E. g. Child marriage, dowry
- Vested interests are lost with change
- E. g. Educating lower caste children at schools
- Old habits die hard- conditioning
- Fear of breakdown of social structure- arranged marriage, joint family, etc.
- Paradox of modernity and change โ e. g. Industries set up = breaking of families into nuclear families
Consequences
- Generation gap
- Role conflict
- Alienation
- Anxiety
- Most affected - youth
Conclusion
- Society is in transition. โ Yogendra Singh
- Clash of traditionalism and modernization
- Balance and stability required to maintain the structure
MCQs
Q.1. A mechanistic view of society would see social change as stemming from:
(a) Exogenous sources
(b) Endogenous sources
(c) Structural sources
(d) Immediate sources
Ans: (a)
Q.2. Some social change occurs without being noticed by most members of a society is known as:
(a) Manifest change
(b) Latent change
(c) Relative change
(d) Absolute change
Ans: (b)
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