NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 1: How, when and Where YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 8 History Chapter 1: How, When And Where
Knowing the Dates? “Birthday? ?”
- Temporal Phenomena
- How things were in past
- How things have changed
- Gap between “before” and “after”
- Robert Clive asked Rennel to produce maps of Hindustan
- It is hard to fix things on one fine day – it started gradually and stretched over a period of time
- Journey from “When” to “How and What”
History Books - Past | History Books - Present |
---|---|
When king was crowned? | How people earned livelihood? |
When king was married? | What they produced? |
When next ruler was put to throne? | How cities and Kingdom developed? |
When king died? | How ideas spread and cultures changed? |
Warren Hastings: 1st Governor General of India in 1773
How to Classify?
- Either divide chronologically
- Or divide periodically
1817: James Mill (Scottish economist and political philosopher) gave three-volume work, “A History of British India” - divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British
Mill considered
- Asians lower than Europeans
- Hindu & Muslim period: Religious intolerance, caste taboos and superstitious practices
- British period: Civilized India with art, institutions and laws
- Explained to conquer all territories to spread enlightenment and happiness
Later Divisions
Adopted from West
- Ancient
- Medieval
- Modern – growth of science, reason, democracy, liberty and equality
- Colonial – no equality, freedom and economic growth, British subjugated local nawabs, controlled economy and collected revenue
Colonization - Subjugation of one country by another leads to political, economic, social and cultural changes
British: How Do We Know?
- Source is official record of British Administration
- Had culture of memos, notings and reports
- Established record rooms attached to all administrative institutions
- Archives and museums were established (Both National Museum and National Archives located close to Viceregal Palace in New Delhi)
- Early 19th Century: Copied and beautifully written by Calligraphists
- Mid-19th Century: printing started
- Surveying became common for efficient administration
- Detailed survey – revenue maps – soil, flora, fauna, local history and cropping pattern was explained
- 10 yearly census operations started
- Other surveys included botanical surveys, zoological surveys, archaeological surveys, anthropological surveys, forest surveys
- (IMPORTANT: These were official records and expressed what officials thought or wanted, they didn՚t reveal what people looked for)
What People Thought About? (Atrocities of Britishers)
- Accounts of pilgrims and travelers
- Autobiographies of important personalities
- Popular booklets sold in the local bazaars
- Views in newspapers
- Public debates
- Ideas of leaders and reformers
✍ Manishika