NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 1: Development YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 10 Economics Chapter 1: Development
Chapter 1: Development
Growth Versus Development
- Growth versus Development
- Economic Growth - Increase in real national income/national output.
- Economic Development - Improvement in quality of life and living standards, e. g. measures of literacy, life-expectancy and health care
- Development – Directional growth
- Present is governed by past
- Different people have different developmental goals
- What is development for one might not be development for another
Development Goals
Category | Goal |
---|---|
Landless laborer | More wages, more days of work |
Prosperous Farmer | Higher income |
Urban unemployed youth | Employment |
Adivasi (tribal) | Education, rising socio-economic status, equality, land ownership |
Girl | Freedom, equal opportunity, education at par |
Development – Mixed Goals
- More income
- Freedom
- Equal treatment
- Security
- Respect of others
- Safe environment
National Development
- Ability of a nation to improve the lives of its citizens.
- Measures of improvement can be increase in GDP, or social aspects like literacy rates, availability of healthcare etc.
- Income growth
- Poverty alleviation
- Satisfaction of social and economic needs
- Sustainment of democratic and participatory society
Comparing States and Nations
- Income – High vs. low
- For comparison: Average Income or Per Capita Income =
- World Development Report, 2006: Countries with PCI of ₹ 4,53, 000 per annum and above in 2004, are called rich countries.
- Per capita income of ₹ 37,000 or less are called low-income countries
- India - Low-income countries because its per capita income in 2004 was just ₹ 28,000 per annum.
- Rich countries - excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries are developed countries.
Besides Income
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) - number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
- Literacy Rate - proportion of literate population in the 7 and above.
- Net Attendance Ratio - total number of children in age group 6 - 10 attending school as a percent of total number of children in the same age group
- Public Facilities – Its not about money in your pockets! Pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines
- Proper functioning of Public Distribution System (PDS)
- Undernourishment – by BMI (Body Mass Index) = Weight/Height
- Example – PCI of Punjab > Kerala but Punjab has higher IMR than Kerala
Human Development Index – by UNDP
- By Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq with Amartya Sen
- Composite statistic of
- Life expectancy
- Education
- Per capita income
- 2010 - Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
- Long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth
- Education index: Mean years of schooling & Expected years of schooling
- A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US $)
- Geometric mean of Life Expectancy, Education and Income Index
Sustainability of Development
- We have not inherited the world from our forefathers — we have borrowed it from our children
- Groundwater – renewable resource – replenished by nature
- Non-renewable – fixed stock – cannot be replenished
✍ Manishika