NCERT Class 9 Geography Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation & Wildlife YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 9 Geography Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation & Wildlife of India
NCERT Class 9 Geography
Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation & Wildlife
India – Flora & Fauna
- Among 12 mega bio-diversities of world
- 47,000 plant species (10th – world, 4th – Asia)
- 15,000 flowering plants (6% of world)
- 89,000 animal species
- 1,200 bird species (13% of world)
- 2,500 fishes (12% of world)
Factors Affecting Flora & Fauna
- Relief
- Land – rough terrain – grassland and woodland
- Soil – sandy for cactus; wet deltaic for mangroves
- Climate
- Temperature – Tropical Subtropical Alpine (with ht.)
- Photoperiod (Sunlight) – more sunlight, faster growth as in summers
- Precipitation – rainfall by SW monsoon & retreating NE monsoon
Importance of Forests
- Modify climate
- Control soil erosion
- Regulate stream flow
- Support industries
- Provide livelihood
- Recreation
- Control wind force
- Cause rainfall
- Shelter to wildlife
- 2015 – 21.34% forest cover in India (cause - degradation)
Forested Area in India – 2013 (Forest Survey of India)
Top 3 States | % Forested Area |
---|---|
Mizoram | 90.38% |
Lakshadweep | 84.56% |
Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 81.36% |
Bottom 3 States | |
Punjab | 3.52% |
Haryana | 3.59% |
UP | 5.96% |
Types of Vegetation
- Tropical Rainforest
- Tropical Deciduous Forest
- Tropical Thorn Forest
- Montane Forest
- Mangrove Forest
Tropical Rainforests
- Heavy rainfall of 200 cm
- Western Ghats, Lakshadweep, A & N Islands, Upper Assam & T. Nadu coast
- Short dry season
- Tree height – upto 60 meters
- Warm & wet – year round
- Multi-layered structure
- Ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber, cinchona
- Elephant, monkey, lemur, rhino
Tropical Deciduous
- Rainfall of 70 - 200 cm
- Shed leaves for 6 - 8 weeks in summers
- Moist (100 - 200 cm) : NE States, Himalaya, Jharkhand, W. Orissa, Chhattisgarh & eastern slop of Western Ghats – teak, bamboo, sal, shisham
- Dry (70 - 100 cm) : Rainier peninsula, Bihar & UP – teak, sal, peepal, neem
Tropical Thorn Forest
- Rainfall less than 70 cm
- NW India – Raj, Gujarat, MP, Chhattisgarh, UP, Haryana
- Acacia, palm, cacti, euphorbia
- Long roots
- Succulent stems – conserve water
- Leaves – thick and small - evaporation
- Rat, mice rabbits, fox, wolf
Montane Forests
- Wet temperate forest (1,000 - 2,000 m) : evergreen broadleaf trees – oak & chestnut
- Temperate forest conifers (1500 - 3000 m) : Pine, deodar, spruce, cedar – south Himalayas & NE India
- Alpine (above 3600 m) : Silver fir, juniper, pines – at more ht. – alpine grasslands – Gujjar & Bakarwals
- Tundra – above alpine – mosses and lichens
- Kashmir stag, spotted deer, Tibetan antelope, snow leopard, red panda
Mangroves
- Tidal forests
- Silt and mud accumulated
- Roots submerged in water – delta of Ganga, Mahanadi, and Krishna – Sundari trees for timber, coconut, agar, Royal Bengal tigers and snakes
Wildlife
- Elephants – Assam, Karnataka, Kerala
- One-horned Rhino – Assam & West Bengal
- Wild Ass – Kutch – arid areas
- Camels – Thar desert
- Lions – Gir forest
- Tigers – MP, Sunderbans, Himalayas
- Yak, Wild ox, Tibetan antelope, bharal (blue sheep) , kiang (Tibetan wild ass) – Ladakh & Himalayas – in pockets – red panda, ibex, snow leopard, bear
- Only nation to have both lion & tigers
Importance
- Milch animals – milk, draught, meat, egg
- Fish - nutritive food
- Insects – pollination
Red List IUCN – for India (2012)
- 132 species – critically endangered (18 species of amphibians, 14 fishes, 10 mammals, 15 bird species)
- 310 species - Endangered (69 fishes, 38 mammals and 32 amphibians)
- 2 plant species - extinct in the wild, including Euphorbia mayuranthanii of Kerala.
- Leaf frog species as extinct
- Saker Falcon - Endangered
- 15 species of Indian birds (Great Indian bustard, Siberian crane and sociable lapwing - Critically Endangered) .
Conservation
- Biosphere reserves in India – 18 (Core, Buffer & Transition zone) – Nilgiri (T. N. , Karnataka & Kerala) – oldest, then came Nanda Devi & Nokrek; by area largest is Great Rann of Kutch estb, in 2008; newest – Seshachalam (AP, 2010) & Panna (MP, 2011)
- National Parks
- Wildlife sanctuaries
- Project Tiger
- Project Rhino
- Project Great Indian Bustard
✍ Manishika