NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 9: Vital Villages, Thriving Towns YouTube Lecture Handouts

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NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 9: Vital Villages, Thriving Towns

Iron Tools

  • Around 3000 years ago
  • Found in megalithic burials
  • Axes and iron ploughshare

Irrigation

  • Canals, wells, tanks, and artificial lakes
  • More production
  • More revenue
  • Can pay taxes

Village Life – South

  • Large landowners: vellalar
  • Ordinary ploughmen: uzhavar
  • Landless labourers & slaves: kadaisiyar & adimai

Village Life – North

  • Headman: Grama bhojaka – Large Landowner – hired slaves, taxed, acted as judge
  • Independent farmers: Grihapatis
  • Dasas & Kammakaras

Sangam Literature

Table of Sangam Literature for HistoryTable of Sangam Literature for History
SangamPlace of OrganisationChairmanKingdomBooks
FirstThenmaduraiAgastyaPandiyaNo books survived
SecondKapatapuramEarlier – Agastya Later – Tolkappiyar (a disciple of Agastaya)PandiyaTolkappiyam (author – Tolkappiyar)
ThirdMaduraiNakkirarPandiyaCovers entire corpus of Sangam Literature
Illustration: Sangam Literature
  • 2300 years ago
  • Composed in assemblies
  • Held in Madurai

Life in Cities

  • Jatakas: Stories by local people (STORY)
  • Written down by Buddhist Monks
  • Sculptor carved scenes
  • Capitals of Mahajanapadas
  • Rows of pots or ring wells (used as toilets, garbage dumps)
  • No remains of palaces, markets and homes – made of wood or mud
  • Account of travelers and sailors

Coins

  • Earliest – Punched marked (Silver or copper)
Illustration: Coins

Crafts

Illustration: Crafts
  • Northern Black Polished Ware
  • Craft associations: Shrenis

Arikamedu

  • Pottery: Mediterranean region – amphorae (tall double-handled jars that contained liquids)
  • Stamped red-glazed pottery: Arretine Ware - named after city in Italy.
  • Pottery – Roman designs, Roman lamps, glassware and gems.
  • Small tank to dye cloths

Rome

  • Contemporary to Ganga valley
  • Capital of empires — Europe, North Africa, and West Asia
  • Augustus – Emperor (made city of brick to marble)
  • Amphitheaters & open arenas
  • Huge aqueducts — channels to supply water for baths, fountains and toilets.

Manishika