Great Personalities of India Raman Maharshi and Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan

Glide to success with Doorsteptutor material for competitive exams : get questions, notes, tests, video lectures and more- for all subjects of your exam.

Ramana Maharshi

  • Hindu philosopher original name Venkataraman Aiyer
  • Born Dec. 30,1879, Madurai, Madras states, India died April 14,1950, Tiruvannāmalai
  • Hindu philosopher and yogi called “Great Master,” “Bhagavan” (the Lord) , and “the Sage of Arunachala,” whose position on monism (the identity of the individual soul and the creator of souls) and Maya (illusion) parallels that of Sankara (c. ad 700 – 750) . His original contribution to yogic philosophy is the technique of vicāra (self- “pondering” inquiry) .
  • Born to a middle-class, southern Indian, Brahman family, Venkataraman read mystical and devotional literature, particularly the lives of South Indian Saiva saints and the life of Kabir, the medieval mystical poet. He was captivated by legends of the local pilgrimage place, Mt. Arunachala, from which the god Siva was supposed to have arisen in a spiral of fire at the creation of the world.
  • At the age of 17 Venkataraman had a spiritual experience from which he derived his vicara technique: he suddenly felt a great fear of death, and, lying very still, imagined his body becoming a stiff, cold corpse. Following a traditional “not this, not that” (neti-neti) practice, he began self-inquiry, asking “Who am I?” and answering, “Not the body, because it is decaying; not the mind, because the brain will decay with the body; not the personality, nor the emotions, for these also will vanish with death.” His intense desire to know the answer brought him into a state of consciousness beyond the mind, a state of bliss that Hindu philosophy calls samadhi. He immediately renounced his possessions, shaved his head, and fled from his village to Mt. Arunachala to become a hermit and one of India՚s youngest gurus.
  • The publication of Paul Brunton՚s My Search in Secret India drew Western attention to the thought of Ramana Maharshi (the title used by Venkataraman՚s disciples) and attracted a number of notable students. Ramana Maharshi believed that death and evil were Maya, or illusion, which could be dissipated by the practice of vicara, by which the true self and the unity of all things would be discovered. For liberation from rebirth it is sufficient, he believed, to practice only vicara and bhakti (devotional surrender) either to Siva Arunachala or to Ramana Maharshi.

Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan

  • Muslim scholar Sayyid also spelled Syad, or Syed, Ahmad also spelled Ahmed
  • Born Oct. 17,1817, Delhi died March 27,1898, Aligarh, India
  • Muslim educator, jurist, and author, founder of the Anglo- Mohammedan Oriental College at Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, and the principal motivating force behind the revival of Indian Islam in the late 19th century. His works, in Urdu, include Essays on the Life of Mohammed (1870) and commentaries on the Bible and on the Quran.In 1888 he was made a Knight Commander of the Star of India.
  • Sayyid՚s family, though progressive, was highly regarded by the dying Mughal dynasty. His father, who received an allowance from the Mughal administration, became something of a religious recluse; his maternal grandfather had twice served as prime minister of the Mughal emperor of his time and had also held positions of trust under the East India Company. Sayyid՚s brother established one of the first printing presses at Delhi and started one of the earliest newspapers in Urdu, the principal language of the Muslims of northern India.
  • The death of Sayyid՚s father left the family in financial difficulties, and after a limited education Sayyid had to work for his livelihood. Starting as a clerk with the East India Company in 1838, he qualified three years later as a sub judge and served in the judicial department at various places.
  • Sayyid Ahmad had a versatile personality, and his position in the judicial department left him time to be active in many fields. His career as an author (in Urdu) started at the age of 23 with religious tracts.In 1847 he brought out a noteworthy book, Athar aṣṣanadid ( “Monuments of the Great” ) , on the antiquities of Delhi. Even more important was his pamphlet, “The Causes of the Indian Revolt.” During the Indian Mutiny of 1857 he had taken the side of the British, but in this booklet he ably and fearlessly laid bares the weaknesses and errors of the British administration that had led to dissatisfaction and a countrywide explosion. Widely read by British officials, it had considerable influence on British policy.
  • His interest in religion was also active and lifelong. He began a sympathetic interpretation of the Bible, wrote Essays on the Life of Mohammed (translated into English by his son) , and found time to write several volumes of a modernist commentary on the Quran.In these works, he sought to harmonize the Islamic faith with the scientific and politically progressive ideas of his time.
  • The supreme interest of Sayyid՚s life was, however, education — in its widest sense. He began by establishing schools, at Muradabad (1858) and Ghazipur (1863) . A more ambitious undertaking was the foundation of the Scientific Society, which published translations of many educational texts and issued a bilingual journal — in Urdu and English.
  • These institutions were for the use of all citizens and were jointly operated by the Hindus and the Muslims.In the late 1860s there occurred developments that were to alter the course of his activities.In 1867 he was transferred to Benares, a city on the Ganges with great religious significance for the Hindus. At about the same time a movement started at Benares to replace Urdu, the language cultivated by the Muslims, with Hindi. This movement and the attempts to substitute Hindi for Urdu in the publications of the Scientific Society convinced Sayyid that the paths of the Hindus and the Muslims must diverge.
  • Thus, when during a visit to England (1869 – 70) he prepared plans for a great educational institution, they were for “a Muslim Cambridge.” On his return he set up a committee for the purpose and also started an influential journal, Tahdhib al-Akhlaq ( “Social Reform” ) , for the “uplift and reform of the Muslim.” A Muslim school was established at Aligarh in May 1875, and, after his retirement in 1876, Sayyid devoted himself to enlarging it into a college.
  • In January 1877 the foundation stone of the college was laid by the Viceroy.In spite of conservative opposition to Sayyid՚s projects, the college made rapid progress.In 1886 Sayyid organized the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference, which met annually at different places to promote education and to provide the Muslims with a common platform. Until the founding of the Muslim League in 1906, it was the principal national centre of Indian Islam.
  • Sayyid advised the Muslims against joining active politics and to concentrate instead on education. Later, when some Muslims joined the Indian National Congress, he came out strongly against that organization and its objectives, which included the establishment of parliamentary democracy in India. He argued that, in a country where communal divisions were all-important and education and political organization were confined to a few classes, parliamentary democracy would work only inequitably. Muslims, generally, followed his advice and abstained from politics until several years later when they had established their own political organization.