Indus Valley Civilization, South, Foreign Invasions, Philosophy
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South
Pandya
- Sent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus
Chola
- Elara conquered Sri Lanka
- Karikala founded Puhar aka Kaveripatnam which was their capital
Cheras
- Kerala and parts of TN
- Senguttavan is the greatest king
- Roman influence: Muziris. Also built a temple of Augustus
Vellalas – rich peasants
Arasar – ruling class
Pariyars – agricultural labourers
Shrent – artisan guilds
Chalyukyas
- Badami (Bijapur)
- Pulakesin II was the important ruler
- Court poet Ravikirti wrote his eulogy in the Aioli inscription
Pallavas
- They succeeded the Ikshvakus
- Kanchipuram was their capital
- Came in conflict with Kadambas
- Mayurasharman had founded the Kadambas kingdom (Capital: Vijayanti⟋Banavasi)
- Nasrimhavarman occupied the Chalukya capital Vatapi in 642 AD
- Assumed the title of Vatapikonda
- Constructed a number of temples
- Ratha temples at Mahabs built by Nasrimhavarman who founded Mahabs
- Pattadakal: Papanatha temple and Virupaksha temple
- Kailashnath temple at Kanchi
One of the major revolts in the south was the Kalabhras revolt. It was so widespread that it could be put down only through the joint efforts of the Pandyas, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas
Three types of villages: Ur (commoners) , Sabha (Brahmans) , Nagaram (traders etc)
Foreign Invasions
Major events
326 - 325 BC | Alexander՚s invasion |
Literature
Book | Author |
---|---|
Mudrarakshasa (play) | Vishakhadatta |
Indika | Megasthenes |
Milind Panho | Buddhist literature of questions of Manender to Nagarjuna |
Buddhacharita | Ashvaghosha |
Saundarananda (Sanskrit kavya) | Ashvaghosha |
Mahavastu (Buddhist-hybrid Sanskrit) | |
Divyavandan (Buddhist-hybrid Sanskrit) | |
Kamasutra | Vatsyayana |
Charaksamhita | Charaka |
Gathasaptasatti (Prakrit book) | Hala (Satavahana king) |
Tolkkappiyam (deals with grammar and poetics) | |
Silappadikaram and Manimekalai are Tamil epics | IIango Adigal (Silappadikaram) |
Natural History (Latin) | Pliny (Roman writer) |
Mrichchhakatika | Shudraka |
Abhijnanashakuntalam | Kalidasa |
Amarakosha | Amarasimha |
Romaka Sidhanta (Astronomy) | |
Harshacharita | Banbhatta |
Priyadarshika; Ratnavali; and Nagananda (plays) | Harshavardhana |
Astadhyayi | Panini |
Mahabhashika | Patanjali |
Suryasiddhanta | A treatise on astronomy. Authorship disputed. |
Brihatsamhita | Varahmira (5th CE) |
Sushrutsamhita | Sushrut (2nd CE) |
Charaksamhita | Charak (2nd CE) |
Travelers
Travelers | During time of | Work |
---|---|---|
Megasthenes (ambassador of Seleucus) | Chandragupta Maurya | Indika |
Fa Hien | Chandragupta Vikramaditya | |
Hsuan Tsang | Harshavardhana |
Pliny wrote Naturalise Historia
Philosophy
Six schools
School | Philosophy | Major proponent |
---|---|---|
Samkhya | Materialistic. No god. Later turned spiritualistic. Prakriti- Purusha. Salvation through knowledge acquired through pratyaksha, anumana, shabda | Kapila |
Yoga | Slavation through meditation and physical application | |
Nyaya | System of logic. Salvation through acquisition of knowledge. | |
Vaisheshika | Discussion of material elements or dravya. Atom theory. (Beginning of physics) . Belief in god. | |
Mimansa | Vedas contain the eternal truth. Reasoning provided for vedic rituals. Perform vedic rites for salvation. | |
Vedanta | Brahmasutra. Brahma is the reality. Atma is identical with Brahma. | Shankara (Advaita) – born in Kerala Ramanuja (Vishistadvaita) Shuddhadvaita (Vallabha) |
Lokayata | Materialistic philosophy. | Charavaka |