Terms in Philosophy & Logic Truism, Aphorism YouTube Lecture Handouts
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Truism, Aphorism, Dictum, Dogma, Tautology, Contradiction, Contingency: Terms in Philosophy & Logic
Terms in Philosophy & Logic
Truism, Aphorism, Dictum, Dogma, Tautology, Contradiction, Contingency
- Truism: example – “Under appropriate conditions, the sun rises.” Without contextual support – a statement of what those appropriate conditions are – the sentence is true but incontestable. “No one was there when life first appeared on earth”
- Argument: It is Truism to say that no one was there when life first appeared on earth. Any assertion about life՚s origin thus, should be treated as a theory.
- Aphorism: Actions speak louder than words (traditionally passed from generations to generations)
- Dictum: An example of dictum is a rule found in the Constitution or a ruling issued by a judge.
- Dogma: An example of dogma is the Ten Commandments in the Christian faith.
- Tautology or Conditional Disjunction: example double negation
- Contradiction: I respect you and I do not respect you
Tautology Explained
P | ~P | P ~P |
---|---|---|
T | F | T |
F | T | T |
- Indira Gandhi was assassinated or else she was not – tautology (P ~P)
- Contingency: Neither true under every possible valuation (i.e.. tautologies) nor false under every possible valuation (i.e.. contradictions)
- A contingent proposition is neither necessarily true nor necessarily false. It has some true and some false substitution instances.
- If roses are red and violets are blue, then roses aren՚t red.
✍ Manishika