Architecture, Mughal Art and Architecture, Sufi and Bhakti Movement
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Architecture
Qutab Minar
- Built by Iltutmish (started by Aibak)
- Dedicated to the Sufi saint Qutub-ud-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki
Alauddin
- added an arch – Alai Darwaza – to Qutub Minar
- City: Siri
- Haus Khas
Tughlaqs
- Built Tughlaqabad
- Feature: Sloping walls
- Firuz Shah Kotla
Lodis
- Built on platforms
- Lodi Garden
Mughal Art and Architecture
Pietra dura: decorating the walls with floral designs made of semi-precious stones
Akbar
- Agra Fort
- Fatehpur Sikri; Buland Darwaza was built to commemorate Akbar՚s victory in Gujarat
- Gujrat style of architecture was used
- Painters: Daswant and Basawan
- European painting was introduced
- Litterateurs: Abul Fazl and Faizi; Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanah; Tulsidas
- Marathi: Eknath and Tukaram
Shah Jahan
- Red Fort, Delhi
- Moti Masjid at Agra Fort
- Jama Masjid, Delhi
Jahangir
- Great patron of painting
- Portrait painting and painting of animals
- Painter: Mansur
Major Schools of Paintings During Mughal Time
- Rajasthan style
- Pahari school
- Largest number of books on classical Indian music in Persian were written during Aurangzeb՚s reign
Sufi Movement
- Organised into 12 orders or silsilahs
- Orders broadly divided into two
- Ba-shara
- Be-shara
- Early sufis: Rabia, Mansur bin Hallaj, Al Ghazzali
- Yogic book, Amrit Kund, was translated into Persian from Sanskrit
Ba-Shara
Chisti and Suharwardi silsilah
Chisti Order
- Established by Moinuddin Chishti
- Bakhtiyar Kaki, Farid ud din Ganj-i-Shakau, Nizamuddin Aulia, Nasirudding Chiragh-i-Delhi
- Believed in fakiri (poverty) .
Suharwardi
- Largely confined to Punjab and Multan
- Shaikh Shihabuddin Suharwardi and Hamid-ud-Din Nagori
- Did not believe in fakiri. Accepted the service of the state.
Other Important Sufi
Gesu Daraz
Bhakti Movement
Nath Panti movement challenged the caste system
Literature and Art
- Khusrau created a new style of Persian which came to be called shabaq-i-hindi.
- Historians: Barani, Afif and Islami
- Zia Nakhshabi translated Sanskrit stories into Persian
- Tuti-Nama (Book of the Parrot)
- Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had Rajtarangini and Mahabharata translated into Persian
- Raja Man Singh of Gwalior was a lover of music
- Man, Kautahal was compiled which contained all new musical nodes introduced by Muslims.