NCERT Class 10 Geography Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources YouTube Lecture Handouts

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Chapter 5: Minerals & Energy Resources

Why We Need Minerals?

• Everything from pin to ship

• Toothpaste - silica, limestone, aluminum oxide and various phosphate

• Fluoride – reduce cavities

• Toothpaste are white – titanium oxide (from rutile, ilmenite & anatase)

• Toothpaste sparkle – mica

• Tube – made of plastics from petroleum

• Body requires 0.3% minerals of total nutrients

• Homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure

• Hard as diamond & soft as talc (Mohs scale – measure hardness)

Mineral Occur as ORE

• Rocks are combination of minerals

• Colors, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density

• Igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals – in cracks, crevices, faults or joints.

• Smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes

• Sedimentary rocks - occur in beds or layers – gypsum, potash & sodium salt

• Alluvial deposits in valley floor; placer – gold, silver, tin, platinum

• Ocean water – salt, magnesium, bromine

• Coal mining – Jowai & Cherrapunjee by long narrow tunnel – Rat hole mining

• Sedimentary rock in Assam and Gujarat – petroleum deposit

Iron Ore – Ferrous

• Magnetite is finest – 70% iron – has magnetic property

• Hematite – lower iron (50-60%) – industrial use

• Top producer – Karnataka > Orissa > Chhattisgarh

• Orissa (Badampahar mines in Mayurbhanj & Kendujhar)-Jharkhand belt (Gua & Noamundi mines in Singhbhum): Hematite

• Durg-Bastar (Bailadila -14 deposits) -Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra - Hematite - Exported to Japan & South Korea via Vishakapatnam port.

• Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Karnataka - Kudermukh – 100% export unit and amongst largest in the world. Transported as slurry by pipe to port near Mangalore.

• Maharashtra (Ratnagiri) -Goa belt - very high quality & exported by Marmagao port

Manganese – Ferrous

• Used in steel and ferro-manganese alloy

• 10 kg Mn used to make 1 ton steel

• Used on bleaching powder, insecticide & paint

• Orissa (1/3^rd of total) > MP > Karnataka – production

Copper – Non-Ferrous

• India is deficient

• Mainly used in cables, conductors & chemical Ind.

• Balaghat Mines (MP) – 52% production

• Singhbhum in Jharkhand

• Khetri in Rajasthan

Bauxite – Non-Ferrous

• Ore of Aluminum

• Decomposition of rocks rich in aluminum silicates

• Light, conductive and malleable

• Highest production by Orissa (45% - max. in Panchpatmali in Koratpur), then Gujarat & Jharkhand

• Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni

• Napoleon III – used button & utensils of Al (lower people used gold & silver), then 30 years later Al used by beggars of France

Mica – Non-Metallic

• Layered into sheets

• Di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage

• Northern edge of the Chottanagpur plateau.

• Koderma, Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand

• Ajmer – Rajasthan

• Nellore – Andhra Pradesh

Limestone – Rock Minerals

• Carbonates and sedimentary rocks

• Used in cement ind. & smelting of iron ore

• Production order – AP>MP> Raj.

Mining & Conservation

• Mining – killer industry

• Pulmonary diseases

• Water contamination

• Slurry waste

• Collapse of roof, inundation and fires

• Workable deposits – only 1% of crust

• Replenishment < Consumption

• Finite and non-renewable resource

• Recycling of metals

• Energy saved is energy produced

Energy Resources

• Conventional – firewood & cattle dung cake (rural -70% energy), coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity

• Non-Conventional - solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas & atomic energy

Coal – Fossil Fuel

• Formed by compression of plants

• Peat – low carbon, high moisture (decaying in swamps)

• Lignite – low grade, brown – soft and high moisture (Neyveli – T. Nadu)

• Bituminous – Buried deep and higher temperature – in commercial use – smelting in blast furnace

• Anthracite – High quality

Coal Deposits

• Gondwana (>200 mya): Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro, Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys

• Tertiary (< 50 mya): NE states - Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

• Bulky – so heavy ind. & thermal plant near coalfields

Petroleum

• Nodal industry for fertilizer, textile etc.

• Called liquid gold

• With anticlines and fault traps in tertiary rocks

• In Anticlines - oil is trapped in crest of upfold

• Fault trap b/w porous & non-porous rock (gas over oil)

• 63% production - Mumbai High, 18% from Gujarat and 16% from Assam

• Ankeleshwar - Gujarat

• Assam - oldest oil producing state (Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan)

Natural Gas

• Clean energy

• With or without petroleum

• Low CO₂ emission

• Krishna- Godavari basin, Mumbai High, Gulf of Cambay & A & N Is.

• Compressed Natural Gas (CNG ) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels

• 1700 km pipeline: Hazira (Guj.) -Bijaipur (MP) –Jagdishpur (UP) links Mumbai High and Bassien

• HBJ - Gas daily to 3 power houses at Kawas (Gujarat), Anta (Rajasthan) and Auraiya (U.P.) & 6 fertilizer plants at Bijapur, Sawai Madhopur, Jagdishpur, Shahjahanpur, Aonla and Babrala

Electricity

• Thermal – Use coal, petrol & gas

• Hydel – Bhakra Nangal, Damodar etc.

• Nuclear – Uranium & thorium form Jharkhand & Aravallis; monazite from Kerala (thorium)

Non-Conventional

• Solar – Sun – Madhapur in Bhuj (sterilize milk can)

• Wind - Tamil Nadu (Nagarcoil to Madurai), AP, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Lakshadweep & Jaisalmer

• Biogas – Gobar gas – kerosene, dung cake, charcoal

• Tidal – Gulf of Kuchchh

• Geothermal - Parvati valley near Manikaran in HP & Puga Valley, Ladakh

Tough Go! Race to be 100% Renewable

• Sweden – Aim to be 1^st nation to 100% fossil fuel free

• Costa Rica - carbon-neutral by 2021

• Nicaragua – 90% by 2020

• Scotland – mainly wind – meet 97% household needs

• Germany – leads in solar – met 78% household needs

-Manishika