NCERT Class 8 Geography Chapter 3: Mineral and Power Resources YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 8 Geography Chapter 3: Mineral and Power Resources
NCERT Class 8 Geography
Chapter 3: Mineral and Power Resources
Minerals
- Naturally occurring substance with definite chemical composition
- Physical Property: Color, Density or Hardness
- Chemical Property: Solubility
Classification of Minerals
Extraction of Minerals
Distribution of Minerals
- Iron-ore in north Sweden
- Copper and nickel deposits in Ontario, Canada
- Iron, nickel, chromites and platinum in South Africa
- Limestone deposits of Caucasus region of France
- Manganese deposits of Georgia & Ukraine
- Phosphate beds of Algeria
Minerals - Asia
- of worldีs tin production
- China & India โ Iron ore
- China, Malaysia, Indonesia โ Tin
- China - lead, antimony and tungsten
Minerals - Europe
- Worldีs leading producer of iron
- Russia, Ukraine, Sweden and France โ Iron ore
- Eastern Europe and European Russia: copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel
- Switzerland โ No mineral deposits
Minerals โ North America
- Canadian region north of the Great Lakes - Iron ore, nickel, gold, uranium and copper
- Appalachian region โ Coal
- Mountain ranges of the west - copper, lead, zinc, gold and silver
Minerals โ South America
- Brazil โ Largest producer of high grade iron ore
- Chile & Peru - Copper
- Brazil & Bolivia โ Tin
- Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Columbia โ Oil
- Gold, silver, zinc, chromium, manganese, bauxite, mica, platinum, asbestos and diamond
Minerals โ Africa
- Worldีs Largest producer of gold, platinum & diamonds
- South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zaire- Gold
- Nigeria, Libya and Angola โ Oil
- Copper, iron ore, chromium, uranium, cobalt and bauxite
- Green Diamond is the rarest diamond
Minerals โ Australia
Worldีs Largest producer of bauxite
Kalgoorlie & Coolgardie - Gold
Gold, diamond, iron, copper, zinc, lead, manganese, tin & nickel
Minerals โ Antarctica
Coal in Transantarctic Mountains
Iron near Prince Charles Mountains of East Antarctica
Minerals โ India
Iron - Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, MP, Goa, Maharashtra & Karnataka
Bauxite - Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, MP, Gujarat, Maharashtra & Tamil Nadu
Mica - Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan
Copper - Rajasthan, MP, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Manganese - Maharashtra, MP, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Karnataka and AP
Limestone - Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, MP, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu
Gold โ Kolar in Karnataka
Salt - India is one of the worldีs leading producers and exporters โ Sambhar
Conventional Sources of Energy
In common use for long โ Firewood & Fossil Fuel
Firewood โ Cooking & heating โ 50% in villages
Fossil Fuel โ Coal, Petrol, Natural Gas
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Easy access Provides Energy to a large number of people | Collection is time consuming Polluting Promoting greenhouse effect Deforestation |
Coal
Domestic Use
Electricity โ Thermal Power
Called Buried Sunshine
China, USA, Germany, Russia, South Africa & France
India: Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad and Bokaro in Jharkhand
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Extensively available Efficient Conversion to electricity | Polluting Source Bulky To Transport |
Petroleum
Thick black liquid
Petra โRockโ + Oelum โOilโ
Between rock layers
Called Black Gold
Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Venezuela, USA, Algeria & Russia
India: Digboi in Assam, Bombay High in Mumbai & deltas of Krishna and Godavari rivers
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Easier To transport (tankers) Basis of Petro-Chemical Industry | Depletion of oxygen due to oil spillage and gas leakage Pollutants released caused acid rain Exploration of new fuel is not easy |
Natural Gas
With petroleum deposits
Russia, Norway, UK , Netherlands
India: Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari delta, Tripura & off shore in Mumbai
CNG: Eco-friendly & less pollution than petroleum
Disadvantages | Advantages |
---|---|
Deplction of oxygen due to oil Spillage and gas leakage Pollutants released caused acid rain Exploration of new fuel is not easy | Easier To Transport (Pipelines) Cleaner than oil and coal Cheaper than oil |
Hydel Power
Rainwater in dams fall from heights on turbine & it moves
Turns generator to produce electricity
1โ4th of total worldีs electricity by hydel
Paraguay, Norway, Brazil & China
Bhakra Nangal, Gandhi Sagar, Nagarjunsagar and Damodar valley
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Non-Polluting Promotes irrigation and fishing Cheap | Displacement of local community Inundates low Expensive to setup |
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy which are renewable
Solar Energy: Solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Inexhaustible Non Polluting | Expensive Diffused source, so gets wasted |
Wind Energy
Lies in coastal areas and mountain passes
Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, UK, USA and Spain
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Non-Polluting Low cost production of electricity once setup Safe and Clean | Noise Pollution Wind mills costly to setup Disturbs radio and T. V. reception Harmful to birds |
Geothermal Energy
Temperature in interior of earth rises
Hot springs โ Cooking, Bathing
USA (largest geothermal power plants) , Philippines, Iceland, New Zealand, Central America
India: Manikaran (HP) , Puga (Ladakh)
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Clean eco-friendly and always available | Located far away from cities and so costly to transport the electricity |
Tidal Energy
Energy from tides
Build dams at sea openings
Russia, France, Gulf of Kachchh
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Non Polluting Inexhaustible | Destroys wildlife habitat Difficult to harness |
Biogas Energy
Dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste
Energy saved is energy generated
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Low Cost Easy to operate Makes use of bio waste | Causes greenhouse effect |
Nuclear Energy
Fission and Fusion reactions
Uranium & thorium
Greatest producer โ USA & Europe
Uranium โ Rajasthan & Jharkhand
Thorium โ Monazite in Kerala
Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu, Tarapur in Maharashtra, Rana Pratap Sagar near Kota in Rajasthan, Narora in UP, Kaiga in Karnataka
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Emits large amount of energy | Generates radioactive waste Expensive |
โ Manishika