Kingdoms in India: Paramaras, Chalukvas, Karkota Dynasty, Lohara Dynasty, Utpala Dynasty, Harsha Rashtrakutas, Chalukyan Badami, Chalukyas, & Cholas
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Paramaras of Malwa

Paramaras
Paramaras dynasty
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The Paramara dynasty was an early medieval Indian royal Rajput house that ruled over the Malwa region in central India during c.800-1305 CE.
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Its most significant ruler was Bhoja I.
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The seat of the Paramara kingdom was Dharanagara, the present day Dhar city in Madhya Pradesh.
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Capital: Ujjain, transferred to Dhara (M.P)
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Malwa’s Inhabitants: probably a vassal of Pratiharas or Rashtrakutas
Bhoja: 993
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Titles: Kaviraja
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Founded Bhojasala College, wrote Ayurveda -saravasva (medicine)
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Samarangana- sutra-dhara (architecture)
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Attacked by Chalukyas and Kalachuris
Chalukvas of Gujarat:

Chalukvas Dynasty
map of chalukvas dynasty
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Inhabitant: Gujarat-Anhilwara or Solankis.
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Capital: Anhilwara
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Founder: Mularaja I Camundaraja 995
Bhima I: 1022-1064
1025 Ghazni plundered Somnath Bhima I after his departure revived the Chalukya power and formed a confederacy with Lakshmi Kama Kalacuri against the Paramaras
Cahamanas of Sekambhar:
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Inhabitants: Sakambha-ridesa also known as Sapadalaksha
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Capital: Sakambhari, modern Sambhar in Rajasthan
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Founder: Simharaja; declared independence from Pratiharas
Vigraharaja IV Visaladeva 1153-64
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An inscription found at Bijolia (Mewar) specially credits him with conquest of Delhi which must have wrested from Vijayachandra Gahadavalas or Tomars
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The Harakeli -Nataka, portions of which were recovered form an inscribed stone slab on the wall of a mosque named Adhai-din-Ka-Jhopra, is supposed to be his composition;
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Lalita Vigraharaja -similarly discovered, was .written in his honour by Mahakavi Somadeva.
Prithviraja III Rai Pithora
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Put down the revolt of Nagarjuna, son of his uncle Vigraharaja.
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Defeated the Chandella Paramardi, and occupied Mahoba and other fortresses in Bundelkhand.
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Invaded Chalukya Bhima III of Gujarat.
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Battle of Tarain.
Guhilas of Mewar:
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Capital: Nagahrada transferred to Aghata in lOthA.D.
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Founder: Guhadatta- 6th AD
Kashmir:
Karkota Dynasty (625 to 1003 CE)

Karkota Dynasty
detailed map of Karkota Dynasty
Founded by Durlabhavarman in 627 A.D.
Tarapida Lalitaditya Muk-Tapida-724 -760
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Alliance with Yasova-rman. Defeated Tibetans.
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Kalhana gives information about his conquests.
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Repulsed Arab, won victory over Kambojas Dards and Turks.
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Sent missions to China.
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Foundation of Martanda Temple.
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His court adorned by Kshiraswamin, Udbhata, Damodara Gupta, Vamana.
Utpala Dynasty:
Founded by Avantivarman 855-883
Lohara Dynasty:
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Founded by Samgra-maraja under his low caste favourities.
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The Lohara dynasty were Hindu rulers of Kashmir between 1003 and approximately 1320.
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The early history of the dynasty was described in the Rajatarangini a work written by Kalhana in the mid-12th century and upon which many and perhaps all studies of the first 150 years of the dynasty depend
Harsha (C. 590-640):

Harsha Empier
Detailed map of Harsha empier
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Introduced custom of putting on head dress - ear rings in Kashmir overthrown by the two brothers Ucchala and Sussala of collateral Lohara dynasty.
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Harsha (c. 590–647), also known as Harshavardhana, was an Indian emperor who ruled North India from 606 to 647 from his capital Kanauj.
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He belonged to Pushyabhuti Dynasty.
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He was the son of Prabhakarvardhana who defeated the Huna invaders and the younger brother of Rajyavardhana, a king of Thanesar, Haryana.
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He was the founder and ruler of the Empire of Harsha and at the height of his power his empire spanned the Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bengal, Odisha and the entire Indo-Gangetic plain north of the Narmada River.
Rashtrakutas

Rashtrakutas Empire
detailed map of Rashtrakutas empire
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Rashtrakuta was a royal dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian Subcontinent between the sixth and 10th centuries.
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The earliest known Rashtrakuta inscription is a 7th-century copper plate grant detailing their rule from Manapura, a city in Central or West India.
Chalukyan Badami Origin (543- 753)
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Origin: A descent from Satyaki, a Yadava chief of north but Chalukyan records attributes them as Kutunibins and agriculturists.
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Capital: Manyakhet, (Mal-khed) Modern Sholapur. Founder: Dantivarman or Dantidurga
Amoghavarsha: 814 -878 A.D
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Jinasena who wrote Adipurana, Mahavira-charyas who wrote Gantiasara Samgraha; and Saktayana who wrote Amoghavirilti.
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Amoghavarsa himself wrote "Kavirajamarga" which is the earliest Kannada work on poetics.
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Equated with Vikramaditya and Sulaiman, an Arab traveller, rates him equal to the 'Caliph of Baghdad and Turkey'.
Chalukyas of Kalvana
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Nearest enemy called Cholas of Tanjore.
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Capital Kalyani (Karnataka) Origin: Overthrew Rashtrakutas.
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Founder: Tailpa or Taila n 974 -997
Hoysalas of Darasamundra
Founder: Nrpakama: a petty chieftain of Sasakpura.
Vinayaditva Bhillama v 1189 -1220
Over threw Somsevara IV
Kakatiyas of Warangal 1000 -1326
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Bheta I: A sudra, ruled Naldona
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Prola I: Chalukyan supremacy
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Bheta II: Received salbi sariya and Karimmagar from Chalukya Vikramaditya
Cholas

Cholas Empier
detaild map of Chola empire
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Nearest rival Chalukyas of Kalyana
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Origin: Stemmed up from the of Pallavas of Kanchi;
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Capital: Tanjore
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Founder: Vijayalaya 850 AD 857 AD
Rajaraja I: 985-1014
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Titles: Mummadai Chola-deva (Chola 3 times), Immadi Chola (2 times Chola), Nurmadi (100 times Chola),
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Sri Lanka - named Mummadi Cholamandalam; captured Maldives and captured 1200 islands and captured a part of Ceylon.
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Ardent supporter of Shaivism; therefore, assumed title: Shivapada Shekhara
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Granted village for maintenance of Buddhist viharas, built by a King of a Sailendra dynasty at Nagapattam called Maravijayotungavarman
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Introduced the practice of giving royal names to idols,
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local self government; Revenue , In 1000 got lands measured.
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Introduction of the system of auditing of the accounts of the village assemblies and other local bodies.
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Built ternple of Rajarajesh-wara at Tanjore, Vishnu Temples.
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Introduced system of yuvaraja in the system of administration.
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Encouraged trade with S. E. Asia and China.
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Greatest contributions: -the tradition of beginning the Chola epigraphs with historical introductions.
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Wife was Lokamahadevi, and daughter was Kundava (eldest).
Rajendra Chola 1014 -1044
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Titles:-Gangai konda chola, Mudikonda, Kadarana-konda, Pandita Chola, Uttama Chola
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In 1012 declared Yuvaraja
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In 1017 annexed whole of Sri Lanka.
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Founded new capital Gangaikondacholapuram, Trichirapalli (T.N.)
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Irrigation: immense artificial tank which was filled by water from the channels of Vellar Rivers, called Chola Tank
Rajadhiraja 1044-1052
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Asvamedha sacrifices were conducted in 1044.
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Subdued the Pandyan and Kerala and Sri Lankan League.
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Asvamedha celebration
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Defeated and killed by Somesvara I in Battle of Koppam; mentioned as Annaimerunjina (one who died on elephant back).
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Seized Kolapuram and burnt down Jaina Temple.
Rajendrachola II (Kulottunga I) (1070-1120)
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Title: Talakadgonda, Tribh-uvanachakravarti, Sun'gand-havriddha (who abolished Taxes: Sugandh or Sankam, Viruddharaj a-Bhy ankara.
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Matrimonial alliance: -Vimaladitya of Vengi.
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Trade with china; send embassies.
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Internal administrative reforms.
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Sankam (tariff) abolished.
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In1086, ordered second survey of the land instead of self-glorification, and tried to protect fiscal resources.
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Mother's name: Amang-devi (Daughter of Rajendra Chola I) and Father's name was Rajaraja I; he was 75% Chola by blood.
Administration:
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Kinship was based on divine origin; king was the fountainhead and his oral orders were called Tiruva-kyakelavi. It was the law.
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They had four capitals:
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Tanjore,
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Gangaikondacholapuram,
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Mundik-ondacholapuram and
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Kanchi
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Higher officials were called: Perundaran and Lower officials were called Sirutaram
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Dispatch Clerks: Vidai-adhikari
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Welfare state and probably taxation was quite low and the village council collected public revenue in both cash and kind.
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Army consisted of: Elephant, Cavalry and Infantry. Elephant 60,000 and Army 1,50,000.
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Kadagam or Padavidu was Cantonment.
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Horses imported from Arabia.
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Velakaras: King's Bodyguard.
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In the army mostly Keralans were appointed
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Army consisted mainly of Kaikolas (Men with strong arms)
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King use to lead army from the front: Rajaditya killed in Takkolam and Rajadhiraja killed in Koppam.
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Mahadandanayaka; Nayaka and Senapati (Vellalas); wars were fought mainly for me shake of cattle lifting
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Hero of the war was called Kshatriyashikamani.
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During the time of Rajaraja I: Naval force reached climax: won over Coromandal, Malabar and Bay of Bengal was reduced to Chola Lake.
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State was consisted of Mandalam, then Mandalam was divided into Valanadu or Nadu and Nadu was divided into Kurram or Kottam and then it was autonomous units.
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Provinces were headed by Royal Blood.
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Chola Government was famous for self-government.
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The commercial activities held at Nagaram
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Village Administration was divided into two parts: Ur and Sabha. We have little information reagrding Ur: it may be organised village sabha in which people were owners of land and they had membership in local bodies.
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Mahasabha: Agrahara/ Brahmdeya grants) found mainly in Tondaimandalam and Cholamandalam
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Parantaka's Uttaramerur Inscription (919 and 921) gives information about the functioning of the Sabha.
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The Member of Executive Committee of Sabha was called Variyam; the qualification for the membership was following:
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Ownership of more than l/4th veli (about acre and half); 1 Veli was 6 acres.
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Residence in a house built on own's site.
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Age 35-70.
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Knowledge of Vedic literature.
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If does not own l/4th of veli and can have knowledge of one Veda and l/8th veli was must.
Disqualification:
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3 years or more has been member of, a committee
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If the person concerned does not timely submit its accounts
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If there was any incest (prohibited relationship within family)
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Those who had stolen the property of pthers.
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Sabha had 30 members: called Kudunibus; out of thirty members 3 main committees were there:
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Garden and Tank Committee: 12 Numbers: called SamvatsaraVariyum
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Tank committee: Erivariyum: 06 Members
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Garden Committee on maintenance of Roads: Tottavariyait
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There was as many as two standing committees: Panchavaravariyum (Standing committee) and Ponava-riyam (Annual Committee)
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The menders are called Veriyaperumakal and Mahasabhd was called Perugural and members called Perumakal Sabha congregated near a temple tree a bank of river and resolutions of Sabha was called Vyavasfhai
Powers of Sabha:
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Possessed proprietary rights over" the communal land
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Did everything preliminary to the land required by the Central government;
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Cooperated with royal officials in estimating and assessing and assessing revenue;
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The Government, in order to bring change in the classification of land needed to consult them
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Collected taxes for the welfare of the villages.
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Assisted the Police in order to prevent crime
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Also had judicial powers: Nyayattar (Nattar: assembly of Nadu)
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Any grant (Dharma-variyam), supervision, maintained of road, irrigation, tanks and gardens.
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Padikavalknh: Police tax
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Udankuttan: Royal ATtendants.
Society and Economy
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Salabhoga: Land granted for educational purposes
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Paddy was the medium of exchange
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There were three main cereals: Samidhanya; Sukha and rice
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Dams for irrigation surrounded: Highest dam Srirangam: 1080 ft
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Shiraf was the meeting point of the traders;
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According to Morco Polo Ginger and Cinamom was available in. Pandvaa state.
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According to Idrisi, a merchant: cardamom: Hills of Fundrina (Malabar)
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According to Ibn Sayyid: Malabar was centre of pepper and Sandlewood: Malaya Hill, in Western Ghat.
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Chau Ju Kua: Tusks (Ivory), Drugs and Camphor
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Textile production was prominent and was exported. Perfumes, spices and precious stones to China; Gujarat was famous for Textile.
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Import: Horse: Arabia/ Persia (220 dinar); Horse dealer: Kudiraicheti
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Trading Corporations was called: Nnanadeshi-tissaiyaira-tuaniruvar
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Smriti Chandrika says: Trade was extended up to Farmosa
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Guild organisation was Manigramam or Valaniyar
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College was called Inairama, Tirubhuvani, Tiruvadu, Tiruvoryur
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The society was divided into two groups: Valangai (traders, cultivators, and labourers) and Idangai (craftsman)