NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 4: In the Earliest Cities YouTube Lecture Handouts
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NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 4: In the Earliest Cities
City Layout
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West: Higher & Smaller - Citadel
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East: Lower & Large - lower town – walls of baked bricks (interlocking)
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Mohenjo-Daro: Great Bath - lined with bricks, coated with plaster, and made water-tight with a layer of natural tar
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Kalibangan and Lothal - fire altars
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Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Lothal - store houses
Houses, Drains & Streets – Planned & Built at Same Time
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One or two story
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Built around courtyard
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Each house had bathing area- wells to supply water
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Covered drains – gentle slope
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Small drains to bigger drains
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Drains had inspection holes – for cleaning
Life in City
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People planned construction of buildings (rulers)
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Ornaments of gold, silver, bead
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Scribes: people who wrote and prepared seals
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Craftsperson – terracotta toys
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Harappan seal: earliest form of writing – still not deciphered
Crafts
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Stone weights made of chert
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Beads made of carnelian, red stone
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Copper & bronze: Tools, weapons, ornaments & vessels
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Gold & silver: Ornaments and vessels
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Seals of stone – rectangular – animals carved on them
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Pots with black designs
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Cotton in Mehrgarh – cloth
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Spindle whorls – terracotta & faience (artificial with gum & sand or quartz) – to spin thread
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Faience – used for bead, bangle, earrings
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Specialist – cutting stone, polishing bead, carving seal
Raw Material
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Naturally or by farmers – processed to produce finished goods
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Copper: Rajasthan & Oman
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Tin: Mixed with copper to make bronze – Afghanistan & Iran
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Gold: Karnataka
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Stones: Gujarat, Iran & Afghanistan
Food
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Farmers & herders supplied food - wheat, barley, pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed and mustard
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Plough: to dig earth & plant seeds (wood)
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Harappans reared cattle, sheep, goat and buffalo
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Water & pasture around settlement
Harappan Towns in Gujarat
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Dholavira: Khadir Beyt in Rann of Kutch - fresh water and fertile soil
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Lothal: Sabarmati River, in Gujarat, close to the Gulf of Khambat - semi-precious stones
Decline of Civilization
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Rivers dried up
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Deforestation – no more grazing
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Flooding
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Rulers lost control
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People moved to new settlements
-Manishika