Indian National Movement-Round Table Conferences, Communal Awards and Quit India Movement of 1942
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Round Table Conferences
First Round Table Conference: (12th November, 1930 to 19th January, 1931)
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Presided by -Ramsay MacDonald (head of Labour Party).
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89 total members participated in this, 16 members were from British Political Party;
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16 members from British Indian States : Sir Mirza Ismail; Sir Akbar Hydari; Maharaja of Bikaner; and 57 members from British India.
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Congress did not participated.
Important Leaders Were
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Lord Beel- Representative of Conservative Party; T.B. Sapru- Demanded an All India Federation (all the three RTCs). B.R. Ambedkar- demanded a separate community status for the depressed class. Md. Shafi; M.A. Jinnah; Fajhul Khan Dr Shafaat, Ahmed Khan
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The conference was ad journal sine die on 19th January, 1993
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Muslim delegation: Aga Khan; Jinnah Sahfi; Fajhul Haque
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Sikh: Sardar Ujjal Singh
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Hindu Mahasabha: Moonji; Raja Rajendra Nath
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For dominion Status and constitution of India.
Recommendations of First RTC
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I.C.S. and I.P.S. to be recruited by India.
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Abolition of All India Service Examination for I.C.S. and I.P.S.
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Indianisation of Army
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Minister in NWFP
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Separate of Burma from India and Sind from Bombay Presidency.
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Extension of Franchise from 10 per cent – 25 per cent.
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All India Federation
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Federal government subject to reservation and responsible to federal legislature.
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Provincial autonomy Problem faced:
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BR Anjfredkar's demand for the separate depressed class.
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M. Shafi, Fijhul Haque and Jinnah demanded the extension of representation Muslims
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The absence of Congress meant marriage without the bride.
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Absent of Congress members first led to efforts being made to include them in the second RTC
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M. J. Jayekar and Tej Bahadur Sapru Played a prominent role.
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On March, 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact
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Politic Prisoners released
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Civil Disobedience called off.
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Developments of Gandhi-Irwin Pact:
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On 26th February, 1931-26 members of RTC returned to India.
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On 14th February, 1931-Gandhi wrote a letter to viceroy and receive the reply on 16th.
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On 5th March, 1931- The Pact was signed.
Proposals of Gandhi: 31st Jan., 1930
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50% decrease in army and civil services cavalry.
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Total prohibition of liquor.
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Release of political prisoners.
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Reforms in C.I.D.
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Changes in Arms Act.
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Lowering of Rupee and Sterling exchange ration.
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Protection of textile industries.
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Reservation of Coastal Shipping Association.
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50 per cent decrease in land-revenue.
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Abolition of salt-tax.
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Govt, salt monopoly.
Recommendations of Gandhi-Irwin Pact
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Congress should be invited to participate in the discussion.
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CDM to be discontinued.
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Consultation with Federation was admitted as the essential basis.
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Boycott no longer a political process.
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Encouragement of Indian industries by propaganda was permitted.
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Consumption of liquor would not be allowed beyond a limit fixed by law.
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Police excess controlled.
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Notification declaring illegal will be withdrawn.
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Pending prosecution would be withdrawn, exceptions being: violent incident and offences.
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Fines should be remitted
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Movable property confiscated would be returned along with immovable property. Property sold to third
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party would be regarded as discarded offence.
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On 29th March, 1931: Congress session was convened at Karanchi under President Vallabhbhai Patel.
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The demand of Puma Swaraj was emphasized and Gandhi-Irwin Pact was recognized.
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Governor General was Willindon; Secretary of State was Samuel Hoarse.
Second RTC: September December 1931
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Gandhi left India on 29th. August and reached London on 12th September to attend the second RTC.
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On his way he was attended by Nahar Pasha of Egypt
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The basic subject of discussion of second RTC was the federal structure and the minorities.
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The completion of the structure of federal judiciary and federal legislature.
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The distribution of financial resources between the centre and province.
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The mode of the accession of states to the federation.
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Gandhi left London on 6th December, and landed in Bombay on 28th December.
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Important leaders: Ambedkar, Sapru, Jayekar, Partho, Sarojini Naidu, M.M. Malviya
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Secretary of State was W. Benn
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31 new delegations (other than those in first RTC) were there.
Communal Awards
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On 10th August, 1932.
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Ramsay MacDonald announced separate declaration for depressed classes.
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*In the Federal House of 250 members , 105 will be Hindus, 82 Muslims, 19 depressed class, 44 other groups.
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Against this Gandhi went on fast on 20th September.
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M.C. Raja, M.M. Malviya, Ambedkar activated and finally the Poona Pact was concluded on 25th September, 1932 in Bombay and the separate electorate for depressed class was abolished, as a reform the reserved seats for depressed classes increased from 71 to 147 in PLC and in CLC 18 per cent of the seats increased.
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In 1933, Gandhi went on Harijan Yatra and remained there upto 29th July, 1934 (starting from Wardha on 7th November,1933V
Harijan Sevak Sangh
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GD. Birla was the president; Amrit Lai Thakkar was the Secretary.
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Based on the concept that India is not a nation but is based on various regional, racial and caste groups.
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Gave recognition to (i) Muslims; (ii) Depressed Class; (iii) Backward Class; (iv) Indian Christians; (v) Anglo-Indians; (vi) Europeans; (vii) Commercial and Industrial Class; (viii) Landholders; (ix) Labourers; (x) Universities; (xi) Sikh.
Third RTC 17th November to 24th December, 1932
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Congress boycotted.
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Only 46 delegates attended the session.
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Secretary of State was Samuel Hoare
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Sapru appealed to the government that to remember that the constitution proposed to draft must be such as to be acceptable to the people of India.
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Drew inspiration from: 1. Simon Commission Report; 2. Nehru Report; 3. RTCs; 4. White Paper; 5. Select Committee Report; 6. Lothian Report.
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Features:
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All India Federation
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Responsible govt., with safeguards.
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Separate representation of communal and other groups.
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White Paper : of the conference was placed in the House of Commons in 1933.
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It finally came out as Government of India Act, 1935.
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Quit India Movement: 1942
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The immediate cause for the QIM was the failure of t5e~~Cripps Mission.
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The AICC made the following proposals:
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Peasantry should refuse to pay land tax and obstruct the revenue;
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No sale of food crops and cattle;
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Non-acceptance of paper money;
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Organization of Swaraj, Panchyats; and
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Roads, telegraphs and railways to be destroyed, so that the British army cannot work.
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On 8th August, .1942, at Gowlia Tank in Bombay, Gandhiji announced four things:
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"Forget the difference between hindu and Muslim and you are only Indians."
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"You are not fighting against British imperialism."
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"Feel that from today you are a free man and not dependent."
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"Do or die" - either free India or die in the attempt.
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On 9th August, 1942, Gandhiji and Sarojini Naidu were arrested and taken to Agha Khan Palace.
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On 9th August, 1942, the Congress was banned and all the prominent leaders of Congress, from all over India, were arrested.
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In order to placate the Congress the number of Council was increased from 12 to 15.
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The 15 executive members were: 1 viceroy; 4 hindus; 4 muslims; 1 European; 1 Dalit; 3 official members; 1 Sikh member.
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They also pressurised Gandhi to withdraw the movement.
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Gandhiji went on a self-purification fast on 10th February, 1943 and continued upto 3rd March, 1943,, to draw forceful attention of the outside world to the Indian problem.
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Three members resigned from the CLC. They were: Mody, Aney and Sarkar. Regional Variations
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Bombay:
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Aruna Asaf Ali hoisted the flag. 8 killed and 169 injured in this process.
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At Satara, government was established and was known as Patri Sarkar. Y.B. Chauhan and Nana Patel were its leaders.
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Some underground organizations were active and most important group was the Krantikari group.
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Berar and Central Province:
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At Ramtek, Surajmal Gupta, Baji Rao Basan, Hari Shiv Ram Avari, Shiv Lai Tej were important leaders.
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At Yoli (Amravati), -Punjab Rao Yaolikar was the main organizer.
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Asti- Ram Bai Tambi was the leader.
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Nilgiri and Thalcher:
In Thalcher there was a parallel government known as Chasi Mauliya or Mazdoor Raj; Pabit Rai Baboo was its founder.
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South India:
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Tellicherry Congress con-spiracy-Balan got lOyrs. of rigorous imprisonment.
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Kezzar Bomb case- a lot of leaders were involved.
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Important leaders in the South were: K.B.Menon, B.K. Keshav Nair, C.P. Shankara Nair, Mathai-manpuram, N.A. Krishnan Nair.
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Delhi:
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1.Important leaders were Aruna Asaf Ali, Jugal Kishore and C.Krishana Nair.
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North West Frontier Province:
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Abdus Samad Khan was the leader of Anjuman-i-Watan.
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In Peshawar Khudai khidmatgar continued to be active.
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Punjab:
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D. A. V. and Sanatan Dharm was active.
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Daya Singh was the leader.
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Bihar:
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Jay Prakash Narayan-and Ram Nandan Mishra were active,
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Madan Jha founded a parallel govt. which remained functional between 18th July,1942, to 3rd September, 1942, at Manhar in Sitamarhi.
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In Purnea, Lakshmi Narayan Singh was the important leader.
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Other important leaders were Kartik Prasad, Brij Kishore Singh, Dr. Vidhyanand Jha, Shayam-sunder Prasad.
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Parallel governments were also established in Manjhi, Ekma, Digwara, Daraouli, Raghun-athpur, Siwan, Parsa, Vaikunthpur.
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Bahera police station was attacked by Charitra Singh of Kharki.
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Sardar Nitynand Singh organised Azad Dastas.
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In Bhagalpur the leader was Siyaram Singh.
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In Karabara, Swatantra Mahcfa Seva Dal was organised by Jaglal Chaudhary.
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Bengal:
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The important papers which were suspended were Amrit Bazar Pafrika
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Yugantar, Vishwamitra, Matri Bhumi and Standard.
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In Midnapur, Tamralipti Jatiya Sarkar was established by Satish Chandra Samant between 17th December, 1942 and 1st September, 1944. He called himself The Sarvadhinayak. Thana Jatiya Sarkar was the highest governing body.
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3.In Tamluk, Nandigram and Mahishdal, Vidyut Vahini or National
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Army was set up.
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73 years, old Matangini Hazra was shot dead.
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United Provinces:
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In Sultanpur a parallel govt., was setup.
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In Baliya, Chitu Pandey founded a parallel government and called himself Swaraj TasDdar.
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Gazipur, Jaunpur and Benaras were important centres.
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Assam:
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Kaushal Kunwar, Mukund Kaoti and Kanaklata Baruah were hanged at Gohpur police station.
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Important leaders were Mohan Chaudhry, Motiram Bora, Mahendra Nath Hazarika, Shaukat Chandra Baruah and P.G Sharma.
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Anna Baruah organised the women of state.
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Behrampur near Naogaon, Ratna Phookan was shot dead.
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Shanti Sena was organised in villages.
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Orissa:
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In Balasore, Swaraj Panchyat was formed.
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A Congress leader, Lakshman Naik was murdered.
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Raksha Vahini was formed in Orissa.
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All India Leadership
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Achutya Pattvardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali , Ram Manohar Lohiya, Biju Patnaik, Chotu Bhai Puranik, Sucheta Kriplani, R.P.Goenka, Gopinath Bardoli and Sadik Ali were the important leaders.
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A transmission was opened at Choupati with following members : Daya Bhai Patel, Vitthal Das K.Javeri, Usha Mehta, Chandrakant Javeri and Vitthal Dhar Babubhai.