Classical Indian Philosophy: Kumarila and Prabhakara School
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The Theory of Khyati
- Prabhakara accepts the theory of Akhyativada.
- It is a theory of error which does not admit of error in the logical sense.
- So, all knowledge is valid per se and error is only partial truth.
- Kumarila accepts the theory of Viparitakhyativada.
- There is a logical distinction between truth or knowledge and error.
- Error is misapprehension and not non-apprehension.
The Concept of Self
- Kumarila and Prabhakara believe in the plurality of the self or the individual soul.
- They regard soul as eternal, infinite substance which is the substratum of consciousness and which is karta, bhogta, and Janta.
- According to Prabhakara, consciousness is an accidental quality or attribute of the soul.
- On the other hand, according to Kumarila, consciousness is modal change in the self.
The Concept of Liberation
- According to both Kumarila and Prabhakara, liberation is cessation from pain and suffering.
- So, both, accept Karma-kanda.
- Liberation is possible only via the means of karmas or actions.
- According to Prabhakara, vedas are an end it itself, so, obedience to Vedas is an end in-itself.
- The acts are performed for the sake of the act and not for desired results.
- According to him, liberation is not a state of bliss.
- On the other hand, Kumarila believes in psychological hedonism.
- Actions are the means which we perform in-order to realise the end, liberation.
MCQs
1. According to ________, liberation is bliss
A. Kanada
B. Prabhakara
C. Kumarila
D. Narayana Bhatta
Answer: C
Explanation: According to Kumarila, liberation is a state of bliss. According to Prabhakara, liberation is not a state of bliss.
2. ________ believe in the plurality of self
A. Kanada
B. Prabhakara
C. Kumarila
D. Both B and C
Answer: D
Explanation: Kumarila and Prabhakara believe in the plurality of the self or the individual soul.
3. According to ________, consciousness is modal change in the self.
A. Kanada
B. Prabhakara
C. Kumarila
D. Both B and C
Answer: C
Explanation: According to Kumarila, consciousness is modal change in the self. So, self is the object of self-consciousness.
4. According to ________, there is a logical difference between knowledge and error.
A. Kanada
B. Prabhakara
C. Kumarila
D. Both B and C
Answer: C
Explanation: Kumarila accepts the theory of Viparitakhyativada. There is a logical distinction between truth or knowledge and error.
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✍ Manishika